Coordination and Movement

1. Coordination and Movement Chapter 11

2. Your Skeletal System Chapter 11 Section 1

3. Functions of the Skeletal System • 1. Support framework of the body • 2. Allows body movement • 3. Protects body’s internal organs • 4. Stores body materials • 5. Produces red blood cells

4. Development of Bones • Your bones are living structures that undergo change throughout your life. • A newborns skeleton are made up mostly of cartilage. • As you grow the cartilage ossifies into bone. • Ossification is the process of cartilage turning to bone. • After ossification is complete bones continue to rebuild repair bone tissue.

5. Structure of Bones There are two types of bone tissue Spongy bone tissue Compact bone tissue There are two types of bone marrow Red bone marrow- produces 100 billion RB cells in a day Yellow bone marrow- stores fat

6. Structure of Bones

7. Joints • Joints allow for bodily movement and protect bones from force. • Some joints are immovable or fixed (skull) • Others allow movement. • There are many different types of joints; ball and socket, hinge, pivot, gliding, ellipsoidal, and semi-movable

8. Joints

9. Ligaments Ligaments are strong fibrous tissue bands that connect bones together at joints.

10. Keeping Your Skeleton Healthy • Eating Well-adequate amounts of the minerals calcium and phosphorus will ensure strong healthy bone development and ossification.

11. Keeping Your Skeleton Healthy Significant mineral loss can lead to osteoporosis. A disease in which bones deteriorate and become increasingly brittle. Other nutrients and minerals important for bone development are magnesium potassium, and vitamins A, B, & D.

12. Keeping Your Skeleton Healthy • Weight bearing exercise such as running, walking, and weight training, stimulate bone cells to make more bone. • Building up bone mass in your teen years will decrease the chances of you developing osteoporosis.

13. Avoiding Bone Injuries. • A common injury to bones is a fracture or break. It may be cracked or broken in two or more pieces. • A compound fracture is when the bone breaks the skin. • Broken bones are placed back together at the broken ends and splinted or placed in a cast to prevent movement, further injury, and promote bone repair. • You can protect your bones from fracture by wearing appropriate safety equipment.

14. Joint Injuries • Sprains- an overstretched or torn ligament. • Dislocation- the ends of the bones are forced out of their normal positions. • Torn Cartilage- serious damage to the cartilage between the bones; most common in the knees. • Overuse injuries- when an activity is performed too often or too strenuously and the joints may become inflamed.

16. Quiz 1. There are 5 functions of the skeletal system name two. 2. Name the two types of bone marrow. 3. When bones are forming they start off as what? 4. A place in your body where two or more bones come together. 5. Name two things that will help keep bones healthy.

17. Your Muscular System Chapter 11 Section 2

18. 3 types of Muscle 1. Smooth Muscle- Involuntary muscle that causes movement within your body. Examples are muscles within your digestive system (esophagus) and inside of your blood vessels. 2. Cardiac Muscle- is an involuntary that is found only in the heart. It is unique in that it is made up of both smooth and skeletal muscle. 3. Skeletal muscle- voluntary muscles that you control by doing activities. They allow movement of the body. AKA Striated muscle.

19. Muscle Types

20. Tendons Are strong fibrous tissues that connect muscles to bones. Each end of the muscle has a tendon that either attaches to the bone that is moved (insertion) or attaches to the bone that is not moved (origin)

21. Tendons

22. How do Muscles Work? Muscles work by contracting and moving the bones. Muscles also work in pairs; these pairs work in opposition. As one muscle contracts the other relaxes. As one muscle shortens the other lengthens.

23. Muscles Work in Pairs

24. Muscle Tone, Atrophy, & Hypertrophy Muscle tone- slight tension in the muscles. It is also a slight contraction. Example keeping your head up. While you may not be moving your head the muscles that control your head are keeping tension on it to keep your head up. Atrophy- When a muscle becomes smaller and weaker from not being used. This can happen when a bone is broken and had been in a cast for a long period of time or if one is very inactive. Hypertrophy-When a muscle becomes larger and stronger from being overloaded with resistance and weight.

25. Muscle Tone and Atrophy

26. Keeping your Muscles Healthy A strain is a pulled or overstretched muscle. Tendonitis- inflammation of the tendon generally caused from overexertion or overuse. Warm up and stretch- to prevent muscle strains and tendon injuries Work your muscles! You must exercise to maintain or strengthen your muscles!

27. Quiz • There are 3 types of muscle tissue name one. • Where in the body can you find cardiac muscle? • This tissue attaches a muscle to bone. • When a muscle weakens and gets smaller it is called ________________. • What is tendonitis?

28. Your Nervous System Chapter 11 Section 3

29. The Nervous System Flow Chart

30. What is the Nervous System? Your nervous system receives information about what is going on inside and outside of your body. Then it processes the information and forms a response to it. These functions are accomplished with the help of the basic unit of the nervous system- a type of cell called a neuron. Neurons carry messages, or impulses, from one part of your body to another.

31. The Neuron There are three basic parts of the neuron. • Dendrite- dendrites carry nerve impulses toward a neuron’s cell body. • Cell Body- controls the cell’s basic functions • Axon- Impulses travel along axons toward the other cells.

32. The Neuron

33. There are 3 types of neurons. Sensory neurons-information about your external and internal environment is gathered by sensory neurons through your sense organs or other parts of your body. Interneurons-located only in the brain and spinal cord; they pass impulses from one neuron to another. Motor Neurons-commanded by other neurons, motor neurons send impulses to muscles and glands.

34. Neurons

35. Central Nervous and Peripheral Nervous Systems The Central Nervous System is the control center of the body. It includes the brain and spinal cord. The Peripheral Nervous System includes all the other parts of the nervous system, excluding the brain and spinal cord.

36. The Brain The brain is a moist, spongy organ that weighs about 3 lbs. It is made up of about 100 billion neurons that control almost everything. The brain is protected and cushioned by layers of membranes and fluids There are 3 major areas of the brain; cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem.

37. The Cerebrum • 85%of the brain’s weight • Divided into left and right hemispheres • Each side controls the opposite side of the body. • Right side is associated with creativity and artistic ability • Left side is associated with mathematical and logical thinking. • Are you left or right brained?

38. The CerebellumCoordinates your body’s movements and helps you keep your balance.

39. The Brain Stem • Lies between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. • Consists of 3 structures- midbrain, pons, & medulla • These structures control involuntary actions like sneezing, breathing, and the eye’s reaction to light.

40. Spinal Cord • Thick column of tissue that links the brain to the peripheral nervous system. • It’s protected by the vertebrae, membranes, & spinal fluid. • Nerve impulses travel from the brain through the spinal cord and then out the rest of the body via spinal nerves. • Messages are sent to the brain in the reverse order.

41. Spinal Cord

42. Peripheral Nervous System • The network of nerves that links the rest of your body to your brain and spinal cord. • The PNS carries info to the CNS and then carries responses from the CNS to the body. • The PNS is divided into the sensory and motor divisions.

43. Some nerves carry information about your outside environment to the CNS. Sensory Division

44. Sensory Division • Other sensory nerves carry info about the internal body conditions, such as heart rate and body temp. to the CNS.

45. Somatic Nervous System Carry signals that control voluntary actions like chewing gum or walking down the hall. Autonomic Nervous System Regulate actions that happen automatically like breathing and digestion. Motor Division = 2 Systems

46. How to Keep the Nervous System Healthy • Avoid Head Injuries such as concussions, & comas, by wearing helmets and seat belts. • Avoid spinal cord injuries because they can lead to paralysis in the same ways that you prevent head injuries. • Avoid nerve injuries such as carpal tunnel syndrome. • Prevent infections such as meningitis and rabies.

47. The Nervous System Flow Chart

48. Quiz • What is the basic component of the nervous system? • There are three kinds of neurons _____________, interneurons, and motor neurons. • We discussed two common head injuries, name one. • A thick column of nerve tissue that links the brain to the rest of the Peripheral Nervous System. • There are three main parts of the brain the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the _____________________.