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Coordination and Subordination

Coordination and Subordination. Ways to Combine Sentences. Pasco-Hernando Community College Tutorial Series. Coordination. Coordination is the combining of sentences using coordinating conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.  These conjunctions combine sentences of equal value.

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Coordination and Subordination

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  1. Coordination and Subordination Ways to Combine Sentences Pasco-Hernando Community College Tutorial Series

  2. Coordination • Coordination is the combining of sentences using coordinating conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.  These conjunctions combine sentences of equal value.

  3. FANBOYS  - Coordinating Conjunctions • For (because)  I brought an umbrella, for the news report said it would rain. • And (also)       Jenny drives an old Ford truck, and her brother drives a tiny Kia. • Nor (and not)       She wouldn’t read the book, nor would she see the movie. • But (however)      I was going to see the talk, but I felt too tired to get out of bed. • Or  (choice)         You can go to work in Tampa, or you can stay in New Port Richey. • Yet (nevertheless)  The neighbors complained, yet he continued to party until 4 a.m. • So (consequently) The car had a flat tire, so we were late for class.

  4. Comma Use • Commas are not always needed. Only use commas in these two situations: • Joining two independent clauses • Three or more items in a series

  5. Joining two independent clauses: • If the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses (sentences that can stand on their own), a comma is used. If not, no comma is used. • No comma:            I went to the store and went home. • The word group I went to the store can stand alone as a complete sentence. It contains a subject, I, and a verb, went.

  6. Joining two independent clauses: • However, the second part of the sentence is not independent. It contains no subject. • Comma needed:     I went to the store, and he stayed home. • Here, there are two independent phrases, each with both a subject (I and he) and a verb (went and stayed). Therefore, a comma is required.

  7. Three or more items in a series: • If you have three or more items, you will need to add commas. • No Comma:                 I like apples and bananas. There are only two items. • No Comma:                 I like apples baked with walnuts and bananas topped with chocolate and whipped cream. It does not make any difference if there is more than one word in the item. • Comma needed:           I like apples, bananas, and peaches. • There must be a comma before the and. (Note:  Many publications and teachers do not use the comma before the word and.  However, on standardized tests, it is required.)

  8. Rules: • Never start a sentence with a coordinating conjunction. • Only use a comma when you join 2 complete sentences or 3 or more items in a row. • The comma always goes before the coordinating conjunction.

  9. Rules: • Be careful about the word for. Sometimes it is a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) needing a comma, and sometimes it is simply a preposition which never needs a comma.  If you can substitute the word because, it is a coordinating conjunction. • Conjunction:     I stayed up all night worrying, for my son was in the hospital. • Preposition:      I had to bring my own water for the camping trip. Coordination is one way of combining sentences to add variety to writing instead of only using short sentences.

  10. Subordination • Subordination is another way of combining sentences for variety.  • It is also a way of showing relationships between thoughts.  • Subordination is different than coordination.  • In coordination, the sentences being joined have equal value.  • In subordination, the sentences being combined are not equal.  • In fact, one is subordinate to the other.

  11. Subordination • Some common subordinating conjunctions include: • ITS                 AA                  BB                 WW • if                   after                because           when • though         although        before              while • since

  12. RULES: • You can use a subordinating conjunction at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence.  However, remember that subordinating conjunctions begin phrases or clauses.  • If you start a sentence with a subordinating conjunction, use a comma. • Do not use a comma if the subordinating conjunction is in the middle.

  13. Rules: • The comma is never near the subordinating conjunction. It goes at the end of the first part of the sentence. • If, you go you must bring a hat. =  Incorrect • If you go, you must bring a hat. = Correct • For more information on comma use with coordination and subordination, see Comma Use.

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