Coordination and Subordination

1. Coordination and Subordination Joining words and phrases Joining entire clauses

2. Coordination: Words and Phrases • Coordination • Joining equals • Joining similar structures • Nouns and nouns; prep phrases and prep phrases, etc. • Bill and Tomhunted and trappedmoose and deerin the forest or at the game preserve.

3. Conjunctions • Coordinating conjunctions join equals • and, or, but, yet, nor, for (“for” joins independent clauses only, never words or phrases) • Ann was not interested in the job, for she had found another. • Correlative conjunctions work as a unit • either…or, neither…nor, both…and, not only…but also • She was not only a trained physician, but also a trial lawyer.

4. The compound sentence • Consists of two or more independent clauses and nodependentclauses. • Learned early by writers • Simply expresses an additive relationship among ideas—less versatile than a sentence with dependent clauses • Bill cooked dinner, and I did the dishes, but Susan helped not at all! • Contrast to the same ideas expressed with subordination. • Although Bill and I cooked dinner and did the dishes, Susan helped not at all.

5. Punctuation and Compound Sentences • The multiple independent clauses in compound sentences may be punctuated: • With commas and coordinating or correlative conjunctions • John bought a new car, but Patty drove it home. • With a semicolon and no conjunctions • John bought a new car;Patty drove it home. • With a semicolon, conjunctive adverb and comma(s) • John bought a new car; however,Patty drove it home. • John bought a new car; Patty,however, drove it home. • John bought a new car; Patty drove it home,however. • In rare cases, with a colon or dash

6. Conjunctive adverbs? • Provide coordination (not subordination) yet also imply an adverbial relationship between two clauses • however, therefore, consequently, nevertheless, thus, furthermore, meanwhile, on the other hand, (p. 283 for complete list) • This conjunctive adverb sentence is halfway between coordination and an adverb subordinate clause • Ian studied algebra, and Bob prepared for grammar. • Ian studied algebra; Bob,meanwhile, prepared for grammar. • Ian studied algebraafter Bob prepared for grammar.

7. Subject-Verb agreement difficulties and coordination • Subjects joined by and are plural • Susan and Samanthaare . . . • Singular subjects joined by or or nor are singular • Neither John norhissisteris . . . • If a singular subject and a plural subject are joined by or or nor, the verb agrees with the nearer subject • Eitherthe cheerleaders or theircoach is . . . • Bob or his brotherswere . . . • Does Bobor his brotherswant . . .

8. Review of Dependent clauses: Adverb clauses • Adverb dependent clauses, also called subordinate clauses: • begin with a subordinating conjunction (p. 283 for a complete list) • modify the verb in the “other” clause (often main clause) • answer an “adverb question” about that verb • why, where, when, to what extent, how much, how often, how, • Express an idea subordinate to that of the main clause

9. Review of Dependent clauses: Adjective clauses • Adjective dependent clauses, also called relative clauses: • Begin with a relative pronoun or relative adverb • that, who, whom, whose, which, where, when, why • Modify a noun in another clause • Generally appear right after the noun • The relative pronoun replaces the modified noun • Answers an adjective question about that modified noun • How many?, which one?, what kind? • Express an idea subordinate to that of the main clause

10. Review of Dependent clauses: Nominal clauses • Nominal dependent clauses, also called noun clauses: • Begin with the expletive “that” or “if” or with an interrogative—who, whoever, which, whichever, whom, whomever, what, whatever, whose, where, when, why, how • Fill a noun slot in the pattern of another clause • Is “subordinate” to main clause in which it fills a slot