Ocean Observing: Meeting Diverse Community and Research Needs

1. Ocean Observing: Meeting Diverse Community and Research Needs Ocean Observing Activities of the Marine Geochemistry and Geology Division

2. MGGD Faculty Participants and Locus of Research • James Cowen • Eric De Carlo • Brian Glazer • Fred Mackenzie • Kathleen Ruttenberg • Frank Sansone • CRIMP-CO2 • Heeia Pond Observatory • HiOOS Nearshore Buoys and Sensors • Juan de Fuca • Kilo Nalu Observatory

3. CRIMP-CO2: a Coastal Biogeochemical Observatory • Eric H. De Carlo, Fred T. Mackenzie, Margaret A. McManus: UH Oceanography • Richard Feely, Chris Sabine, Katie Fagan: NOAA/PMEL • Patrick Drupp, Didier Dumas, Chris Ostrander (07), Rachel Solomon (08), Chip Young: Oceanography GA’s • MungFa Chun, Laura de Gelleke, Hong Ha: GES Students • Fancois Paquay, Daniel Hoover, Stephanie Ringuet: Technical Staff http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/coastal/kbay/157w_all.htm

4. CRIMP CO2 • CO2, O2 sensors, CTD measuremnts at 3 hours frequency • Multiparameter sondes (Cond., T, pH, DO, Chl-a, Turbidity) at 10 minute frequency • ADV, ADCP, thermistor chains (McManus/Ostrander) • Climate from NWS, CI • Iridium telemetry of buoy data to NOAA/PMEL (once a day) • Synoptic water column profiles • (chl-a, cond/sal, DO, pH, turbidity) • Water samples for lab analyses • (nutrients, chl-a, pigments)

5. CRIMP-CO2: Objectives • To understand how land derived inputs impact coastal water quality (12+ year record of local funding associated with this objective) • To understand how land-derived nutrients and storm plumes fuel coastal water column productivity • To determine how productivity, calcification, and physical forcing control air-sea exchange of CO2 in Kaneohe Bay. • To determine how seasonal changes in runoff affect annual CO2 and O2 gas exchange fluxes and the associated potential acidification of bay waters • Now shifting emphasis toward “ocean acidification” issues by examining calcification and dissolution of carbonates across the barrier reef of Kaneohe Bay (collaboration with M. Atkinson)

6. N.S. Buoy Stations CRIMP-CO2 • 1st buoy of NOAA/PMEL coastal CO2 monitoring program deployed Nov 2005 (four buoys exist now) • System to be moved to barrier reef of Kaneohe Bay (5/08) for calcification/dissolution studies • Part of three buoy network in Hawaii (two currently being built as part of HIPOOIS network for deployment on S. Shore of Oahu) • Can be a platform for testing of new sensor technology • Can be a platform for experiments by collaborating scientists… • Use of platforms for undergraduate research and training • Training of operational oceanographers

7. SINK SOURCE CRIMP-CO2: Accomplishments *Temporary CO 2 sink during several storm periods Season 1 Season 2 *No sink behavior during storm period 3, although decreased in source strength • First high temporal resolution time-series (2005-now) study for a tropical coastal embayment. • >24 months of CRIMP-CO2 data and synoptic water column data in the bay • Results: (2006) -1.26, (2007) -2.17 Mole C m-2 yr-1 flux is consistent with prior work stating that Kaneohe Bay is a source of CO2 to the atmosphere on an annual timescale (-1.45 Mole C m-2 yr-1, Fagan and Mackenzie, 2007) • Kaneohe Bay is a temporary sink of CO2 during storms but remains a source to the atmosphere over annual scales • Local but globally relevant data on direction and flux of greenhouse gases and ocean acidification • Training of technical workforce in ocean technology and outreach…

8. Kilo Nalu Nearshore Reef Observatory Geno Pawlak, Ocean and Resources Engineering Eric De Carlo, (Andrew Hebert), Margaret McManus, Mark Merrifield, Frank Sansone, Kevin Stierhoff, Judith Wells: Oceanography Roy Wilkens: HIGP Timothy Stanton: Naval Postgraduate School, Dept. of Oceanography Kristen Fogaren, Jeff Sevadjian, Melinda Swanson: Oceanography GA’s Brian McLaughlin, Kimball Millikan Dave Harris: SOEST ESF Brian Chee: Advance Network Computing Lab.

9. A window into the Hawaiian coastal ocean environment… 1st generation, Aug. 2004 2nd generation, Nov. 2006 Ocean Prediction System: Real-time observations, validation  waves/currents/water chemistry  passive ocean acoustics Current Research: Nearshore physics, Internal tides, Benthic biogeochemistry, Air-sea CO2 exchange, Nutrient dynamics Technological/Economic Development: Ocean technology test bed Training workforce development Education, Outreach Graduate, undergraduate education via Ocean Engineering / Oceanography / SOEST, and public outreach in collaboration with Bishop Museum Funding: NSF CoOP, NSF OCE, ONR, UH Sea Grant

10. T, Cond, Optical Buoy Stations HIOOS Buoys and Nearshore Sensors • Eric De Carlo, Margaret McManus, Grieg Steward: UH Oceanography (and many others in HIOOS/HIPOOIS group) • Ross Timmerman (GES 07) • Mike Tomlinson (MS 04) • Collaboration with Hi-DOH (W. Okubo), C&CH (R. Tanimoto) • Continued collaboration with NOAA/PMEL on CO2 system observations • System implementation: Spring 08

11. Bottom Sediment Impacts on Nutrient Cycling in He’eia Fishpond K. Ruttenberg, B. Glazer, M. McManus: UH Oceanography B. Briggs, C. Young: UH GA’s D. Sulak, D. Hull: GES Linda Rui, Lili Zhao: High School Students •The Pond: - Southern bank of He’eia Stream on K-bay - Paepae O He’eia & Kamehameha Schools - Aquaculture / land-ocean interface processes / anthropogenic impacts

12. Microbial Observatory: Microbial Ecology of Deep Basement Aquifer Jim Cowen, Brian Glazer and colleagues Biogeochemistry & geomicrobiology at MORs, ridge flanks, hot spots, and subduction zones • Depends on/requires strong ESF support • Technologically and logistically challenging,

13. Future connection to • Regional Cabled • Observatory • Cascadia Basin CORK • Boreholes • Power • To / large vol. pumping • Complex exp. setups • Communication • Event response • Sampling rate control

14. Borehole Downhole Sampling and Incubation MO PIs Cowen Taylor

15. In situ Redox Chemistry, Cabled and Networked(NSF-OTIC, 2007-2009) OBJECTIVES: • To modify and improve existingstate of-the-art in situ electrochemical analyzer instrumentation for extended deployments within a proven cabled observatory network; • To produce a software package capable of automated near real-time data reductionduring continuous in situ voltammetric data acquisition; • To further quantify durability and longevityof solid-state mercury-gold amalgam sensors under varying in situ redox conditions. Brian Glazer (UH-Oceanography) Kim Binsted (UH-Information & Computer Science and building science collaborations with Kilo Nalu group

16. Au wire – 100mm diameter Polished epoxy surface 100 mm Au wire sealed in PEEK or glass using marine epoxy, plated with Hg in situ Redox Chemistry O2, Fe2+, Mn2+, H2S, H2O2, I-, Sx2-, S2O32-, FeSaq, Fe(III) are all measurable in one scan (if present)

17. Current Status & Future Direction • Technique is tried, true, & proven in water column, sediments, hydrothermal, and lab settings • Moving toward improving sensor integrity with lengthened deployments (currently weeks-months) • Currently addressing data reduction problem (there is no commercial software for auto-analysis of large datasets) • Kilo Nalu testing scheduled for February 2008 • Moving toward eddy correlation for real-time flux measurements

18. Needs: Now and the Future • Strong engineering and technical support staff • Improved small boat operations/pool • Marine facilities with readily accessible shop/storage/staging areas • Long term maintenance support for Ocean Observing infrastructure • Dedicated State-supported technical staff • Fostering of industry partnership for sensor development • Funding support from “community” stakeholders and increased participation by local and State “agencies”

19. Ocean Acidification Time-series of seawater saturation states with respect to calcite, aragonite, and 15 and 20 mol% Mg-calcite using ion activity products from Bichoff et al., 1987 & 1993 (B), and from Plummer & Mackenzie, 1974, (PM) at the CRIMP-CO2 buoy (Solomon, 2007)

20. Voltammetry 101 O2, Fe2+, Mn2+, H2S, H2O2, I-, Sx2-, S2O32-, FeSaq, Fe(III) are all measurable in one scan, if present Glazer et al. 2004