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John H. McMasters Technical Fellow The Boeing Company john.h.mcmasters@boeing and

The Aerospace Industry Today Airplane Design: Past, Present and Future – An Early 21 st Century Perspective. Affiliate Professor Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics University of Washington Seattle, WA. John H. McMasters Technical Fellow The Boeing Company

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John H. McMasters Technical Fellow The Boeing Company john.h.mcmasters@boeing and

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  1. The Aerospace Industry Today Airplane Design: Past, Present and Future – An Early 21st Century Perspective Affiliate Professor Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics University of Washington Seattle, WA John H. McMasters Technical Fellow The Boeing Company john.h.mcmasters@boeing.com and April 2007 Ed Wells Partnership Short Course Based on: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) & Sigma Xi Distinguished Lectures & Von Kármán Institute for Fluid Dynamics Lecture Series: “Innovative Configurations for Future Civil Transports”, Brussels, Belgium June 6-10, 2005

  2. A Area (ft.2, m2) a Speed of sound (ft./sec., m/s) AR Aspect ratio, b/č = b2/S b Wing span (ft., m) č Average wing chord (ft.,m) CF Force coefficients (lift, drag, etc.) = F/qS Cℓ Section (2D) lift coefficient CM Moment coefficient = M/qSĉ Cp Pressure coefficient = Δp/q D Drag force (lb., N) E Energy (Ft.-lbs., N-m) e “Oswald efficency factor” ew Wing span efficiency factor (= 1/kw ) F Force (lift, drag, etc.) (lbs., N) H Total head (reservoir pressure) I Moment of inertia kw Wing span efficiency factor (= 1/ew) L Lift force (lb., N) ℓ Length (ft., m) M Mach number (V/a) M Mass (kg) M Moment (ft. lbs., N m) P Power (ft.-lbs./sec., N-m/sec.) p Static pressure (lbs./ft.2) q Dynamic pressure (lbs./ft.2) = ½ρV2 R Range (mi., km) Rn Reynolds number (ρVℓ / μ) S Wing area (ft.2, m2) T Thrust (lb., N) T Temperature (oF) u Local x-direction velocity component V Velocity, Speed (ft./sec., m/s, mph, km/h) v Local y-direction velocity component w Downwash velocity (ft./sec., m/s) ż Sink rate (vertical velocity) (ft./sec., m/s) Greek: α Angle of attack (deg.) Γ Circulation γ Climb or glide angle (deg., rad.) γ Ratio of specific heats in a fluid ε Wing twist angle (deg.) θ Downwash angle (deg.) φ Velocity potential Λ Wing sweep angle (deg.) μ Dynamic viscosity ν Kinematic viscosity (μ/ρ) ρ Fluid mass density (kg/m3) Notation and Symbols Used

  3. Presentation Overview The Aerospace Industry Today

  4. The Three Basic Components of Our Business Should be Viewed as an Integrated Whole Technology & Product Development Process Development/ Enhancement Workforce Development (People issues) The best Technology and Processes in the world are useless without the right People to develop and employ them.

  5. John’s Twin Professional Passions Education Airplanes Technical Workforce Development + Engineering Education (Reform) + Airplane Design (and Aerodynamics) • “Hobbies” • Paleontology • Archaeology • Cultural • anthropology • Cognitive • psychology

  6. A “System of Systems” Approach to Issues Important to The Boeing Company [John’s Current “Job Description”] Aerodynamics (Low-Speed, High Lift) • Motivation • Knowledge • retention Airplane Design [“Systems Engineering”] Biomechanics of Flight (Reynolds Number Scale Effects) Technical Workforce Development (Programs and Processes) • Motivation • R&D leverage • Recruiting • Improved preparation • for professional practice, • Positive company image • Enhanced: • Motivation • Utilization • Productivity • Retention Technical Education (Enhancement & University Relations) HEIB Target: A Large-Scale Systems Integration (LSSI) – capable technical workforce. Future Technology Development Opportunities.

  7. John’s Projects and Research (1955-Present) 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000 - present Boeing (1976) Human-powered Flight High-Lift System Aerodynamics Model Airplanes Hang gliders DARPA/NASA Morphing Aircraft Programs V-22 “Osprey” Vortex Generators High-Reynolds Number Wind Tunnel Design Sailplane Aerodynamics and Design Guided Missile Design (USAF) Robot Pterosaur (2) & “Smart Wings” Wind Turbines NASA Airplane Design Contract Tent Design • Transonic Flow • in Turbines & • Compressors • Multi-disciplinary • Optimization • Large Surface-Effects • Vehicle Design • Architectural • Aerodynamics • Drag Reduction on • Inter-city Buses Robot Pterosaur(1) Under-Sea Gliders Engineering Education

  8. The Curriculum Vitae of an AerodynamicistJohn H. McMastersTechnical FellowBoeing - Seattle Once upon a time there was a mother duck and a father duck who had five baby ducklings. The first was a really ugly duckling who knew that one day he would probably grow up to be a swan. Well, the really ugly duckling never did grow up – he only matured into just a really ugly duck. And so it goes (going on 87). John at age 21 “He had only one vanity, he thought he could give advice better than any other person.” Mark Twain (writing about John McMasters)

  9. Basic Premises “It is suicidal to create a society dependent on science and technology in which hardly anyone [aside from a small, numerate elite] knows anything about science and technology.” Carl Sagan “The scientist discovers that which exists, the engineer creates that which never was.” Theodore von Kármán

  10. Non-Systems Thinking In a Global Environment “I’m sure glad the hole isn’t in our end…” Thanks to Peter Synge

  11. Professor McMasters illustrates his famous brain-stapling technique in a seminar for compulsive thinkers. “It’s all about thinking, dummy” A. Einstein “Thinking is the one skill that never becomes obsolete.” Paul B. MacCready Thanks to Gary Larson The Far Side

  12. The Airplane Business Today • Aerospace was a “poster child” for technological progress for much of the 20th century • Now considered a “mature industry” with a spate of studies decrying its“declining state” in the U.S. [despite recent signs of new prosperity] • end of the Cold War globalization • a sense of “been there, done that” • explosive growth in other newer technologies (IT, bio-, nano-) • competition for resources (money and talent) • We need to replenish a rapidlyaging technical talentpool (particularly in design and “systems engineering”) • Uncertain long-termconsequences of globalization, the war on terrorism, environmental concerns, resource limits, etc.??

  13. Experimentation The Traditional View of Aviation History Proliferation Realization Inspiration Farther, faster, higher

  14. Absolute Airplane Speed Record(As One Measure of Progress in the First Century of Flight) Lindberg crosses Neil Armstrong Atlantic on the Moon Wright Bros. Hypersonic ~25 years ~ 40 years SR-71 Jets Mach 1 Commercial Transports “Farther, faster, higher”

  15. The Post-Cold War Aerospace Industry Boeing Lock Mart Airbus

  16. Consolidation of U.S. Military Aircraft Manufacturers Kaman Douglas McDonnell Hughes Helicopter Vertol Boeing North American Chance-Vought Vultee Consolidated Lockheed Martin Northrop Grumman Republic Fairchild Hiller Sikorsky United Aircraft Bell Curtiss-Wright Kaman McDonnell-Douglas Boeing Rockwell Lockheed Martin Martin Marietta Northrop Grumman Raytheon UTC UTC Textron Textron 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

  17. Heritage Boeing (Puget Sound-centric) McDonnell –Douglas (St. Louis + So. Cal.) North American (So. Cal.) Hughes (So. Cal.) Emerging Boeing Global Enterprise “World Views” of The Boeing Company 1997-98 Customer/Supplier Network Phantom Works TBC HQ Chicago IDS Military/ government BCA Civil/ commercial Other • Boeing Core Competencies • Large-Scale System Integration • Lean Global Enterprise • Detailed Customer Knowledge and Focus Growth ? Global Societal/Political/Economic Context

  18. Douglas DC-3 Boeing Model 247 Boeing B-17 Boeing B-29 McDonnell Douglas “Harrier’ and F-15 Douglas DC-8 Boeing Model 367-80 (the first 707) Delta 4 Hughes Anik A satellite International Space Station and Rockwell [North American] Space Shuttle North American XB-70 AH-64 “Apache” A Sample of What are Now “Boeing” Products

  19. Boeing Sites in the United States Chicago Everett Puget Sound St. Charles Seattle Renton Aurora/Colorado Springs/ Pueblo Fallon Bellevue St. Louis Kent Auburn Fredrickson Portland Ogden Wichita Heath Fairfield Philadelphia Palmdale/ Edwards VAFB Washington, DC Canoga Park/West Hills/ Santa Susanna So. Cal. Huntsville/ Decatur El Segundo/Torrance/Sylmar Charleston Long Beach/Carson Macon Mesa Jacksonville Seal Beach Albuquerque KSC Huntington Beach Altus El Paso Anaheim Ft. Walton Beach Oklahoma City/ Midwest City Houston Meridian San Antonio Bay St. Louis Kingsville Dallas/Richardson Maui - Only shows Mainland USA and Hawaii sites with population greater than 100 - Excludes some Phantom Works sites

  20. Commercial Airplane Manufacturer Product Focused Hardware & Platforms Exporter Boeing’s Business Transformation 1996-2006 • Balanced Aerospace • Company • Business Focused • Systems & Solutions • Global

  21. The Promise of Global Commerce Made Possible by…… Information and Communications Technology Revolution Global Transportation System Economic Prosperity for a Growing World Population ? (Barring a collapse of the world economic system, etc.) Implication: A potentially vast redistribution of the world’s wealth on an unprecedented scale – some will win, others will lose.

  22. Boeing’s Global PresenceCountries with Regional VPs N. Europe EU-NATO Russia/CIS UK Germany Canada France C. Europe Korea Spain Italy Turkey Japan Israel M. East China Mexico S. Arabia India SE Asia Latin America Africa Brazil Australia Total: 21 Locations

  23. Boeing 35% Japan 35% Vought/Alenia 26% Other 4% International Team to Build the New Boeing 787[plus engines, systems, etc.] Boeing 747 “Dreamlifter” Boeing 787 “Dreamliner”

  24. “Up the Value Chain”Changing Emphases for the Core Technical Workforce[Based on Jack Welch’s famous “GE Model” or Apple iPod] 1980 2000 2010 + System Architects/ Integrators Requirements Requirements Requirements Integration Integration Integration “Configurators” Design Design Design Technical Specialists Methods Methods Methods Basics Basics Basics “Father, faster, higher” “Quicker, better, cheaper” “Leaner, greener” ? Knowledge Management (Knowledge Capturing & Re-Use) Future “Knowledge-based Engineering” and other mechanized tools

  25. Boeing Growth Strategy Network Centric Operations New Frontier (Based on Core Competencies) Look for “System Solutions ” Rather than Specific Product/Service Solutions Connexion by Boeing Future Combat Systems IDS New Opportunities within Traditional Customer Base BCA • Boeing Core Competencies • Large-Scale System Integration • Lean Global Enterprise • Detailed Customer Knowledge and Focus Maintain Healthy Core Business

  26. Milestones in Boeing Airplane Development (1927-1954) 1927-8 Boeing Model 40 1947 1936-44 Boeing B-17 / B-29 Boeing B-47 Bomber 1954 1945-7 Boeing “Stratocruiser” Boeing 707 (Model 367-80)

  27. Must All Transport Airplanes Look Pretty Much Alike In Perpetuity ? Boeing Airbus

  28. Variations on the Boeing 747 Queen of Passenger Airliners Freighters Ballistic Missile Killer (via an airborne laser) Fire Bomber

  29. [Aeronautics] Technology Progress Theoretical Upper Bound Good Index of Performance (Measure of Progress) Digital microprocessor Log scale ? Possible Achievement Jet engine Swept wings ? Aluminum Without Continued Major R&D Effort Speed, Range, Altitude, Operating Cost, Life Cycle, etc. Actual Achievement - Increasing customer requirements - Increasing regulatory stds. - Increasing environmental concerns 1900 1950 2000 Historical Time

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