Controlled assessment 2

1. Controlled assessment 2 Energy-Efficient Transport

2. Energy-Efficient Transport • Section A (400 words ex. graphs/images) • identify current demand for fuel / energy for transport • identify problems created by our use of fuel / energy in transport • identify more fuel / energy-efficient transport options

3. A1: Introduction • current demand for fuel / energy for transport • How to: • Introduce by explaining what a fossil fuel is • Explain how transport uses energy • Use a graph to show how much energy is used for transportation • Explain how/why this has changed

4. Write down 4 observations Energy consumption in the UK

5. Energy efficient transport in the 21st century • Current demand for fuel / energy – ideas from class:

6. Observations • Transport is the largest sector in the UK energy economy – • 36% of energy consumption • 22% of carbon emissions • In 2007, 99% of all the fuel used for transport in the UK was petroleum – 1% was electricity, and the use of renewables/biofuels was so small that it didn't show up in the governments' annual energy statistics. • Cars are the dominant form of mechanised transport in the UK. However, because they are relatively small, fuel efficient, but more importantly because the average car is only in use for 5% of the time (other vehicles tend to be in use for a far greater period of time), they consumed 42% of the energy in the transport sector as a whole (and 59% of road transport). The other major areas of fuel use are freight transport – heavy (HGV) and light (LGV) goods vehicles consumed 27% of the energy in the transport sector (37% of road transport) – and air transport (24% of energy in the transport sector).

7. UK Facts • 30,000,000 cars licensed on the UK's roads • 74% of households had the 'regular use of a car', and 28% had two or more cars • the average person takes 998 trips/year – 65% of these are using a car. • In the UK, 75% of all car trips are less than 8 kilometres in length

8. Problems • Environmental • Social • Economic

9. Problems Caused • Peak and decline in the total volume of petroleum fuels, accompanied by a steep rise in prices: 99% of the transport energy in the UK is petroleum-based. • Cars, trucks, jet aeroplanes and other combustion engine vehicles cause air pollution. The exhaust from these contains carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide and gaseous oxide. This type of air pollution creates smog (as seen in Los Angeles) which causes respiratory health problems, contributing to the greenhouse effect and holes in the ozone layer, which increases the exposure to the sun's UV rays (increasing chances of skin cancer).

10. Human Activities • Human activities are the main cause of acid rain • Over the past few decades, humans released many different chemicals into the air so that they have changed the mix of gases in the atmosphere • Power plants release the majority of sulphur dioxide and much of the nitrogen oxides when they burn fossil fuels, such as coal, to produce electricity • The exhaust from cars, trucks, and buses releases nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide into the air => Acid rain

11. Options • if we get rid of 60% of all car trips and shift the distance travelled to buses or trains it would only save 26% of the energy consumed • Public transport – making it more accessible/ easier / cheaper to use • Engineering – developing the use of electric cars / biofuels • Changing attitudes – reducing the use of mechanised transport

12. Solutions • How to reduce Air pollution: • converting to renewable energy sources: solar,wind,tidal etc... • Greener methods of commuting: car pooling, cycling or public transport • 45 % of the ozone precursors and 38 % of the particulate matter emitted in Europe comes from transport. • On average, 1/3 of the journeys we do by car is only to go as far as 2 km. Replacing a car ride by walking or using the bicycle not only helps reduce traffic but also emissions. • Drive wise: When using your car keep the tyre pressures up - If the pressure is down by 0.5 bars, the car needs 5 % more fuel and also gives off more pollution. • Using the air conditioning increases fuel consumption by 30% - driving with windows open = 5% • Environmentally friendly cars not only reduce your emissions but saves you extra fuel costs and tax. • Go for local produce! - less transport = less air pollution. • Conserve energy: buy energy saving light bulbs and don't leave electronic devices on standby and you can reduce your emissions by 10% - and your bill. • Recycle paper, plastic, glass bottles, cardboard, and Aluminium cans. (conserving energy and reducing production emissions.)

13. The Net energy of reducing car usage

14. http://www.fraw.org.uk/publications/e-series/e10/e10-energy_and_transport.htmlhttp://www.fraw.org.uk/publications/e-series/e10/e10-energy_and_transport.html

15. Energy-Efficient Transport • Section B (400 words ex. graphs/images) • explain why groups or individuals have different opinions about more fuel / energy-efficient transport options • in your opinion, state whether more fuel / energy-efficient transport options will become an increasing priority. Give reasons to support your answer

16. A2: Problems related to fossil fuel use • identify problems created by our use of fuel / energy in transport • Describe and explain the consequences of the use of fossil fuels • This could be done as a table/map

17. A3: Alternative strategies • identify more fuel / energy-efficient transport options • This could be done as a table

18. B1: Differing viewpoints • explain why groups or individuals have different opinions about more fuel / energy-efficient transport options • This should be done as a table of differing viewpoints on this issue

19. B2: Conclusion • in your opinion, state whether more fuel / energy-efficient transport options will become an increasing priority. Give reasons to support your answer • Write this up as a 200-300 word paragraph explaining your point clearly with reasons to support your answer