WORLD WAR I

1. WORLD WAR I

2. World War I: “The Great War” Began in Europe 1914 Central Powers (Germany, Austria, Turkey) fought Allied Powers (England, France, Russia) No one thought it would last long, but it did: 9,000,000 men died

3. World War I What happened? Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were visiting the Bosnia city of Sarajevo June 28, 1914 They were assassinated by a group – “the Black Hand” - seeking an independent Bosnia Within a few weeks, most of Europe was plunged into war

4. Europe before 1914

6. Causes of World War I NATIONALISM Extreme feeling of pride or devotion IMPERIALISM Austria-Hungary trying to expand late 1800’s Great Britain & France: had colonies in Africa, Middle East, Asia Germany (Kaiser Wilhelm II): wanted colonies

7. Causes of World War I con’t MILITARISM: military preparedness / building up weapons 1900 Germany began building a Navy to compete with Great Britain Also, Germany began to enlarge its Army ALLIANCES Nations formed alliances, or partnerships

8. Alliances… TRIPLE ALLIANCE Germany / Austria-Hungary / Italy TRIPLE ENTENE: Britain / France / Russia

9. Video Clip • “Causes of World War I” The Mr. Smith 7 • “Assassination of Franze Ferdinand” part 2 mr.allsop or crypt 375

10. WAR BREAKS OUT Some thought these alliances created a balance of power, but it didn’t work… After the assassination of Ferdinand, EUROPE EXPLODED INTO WAR! Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for the murder – Russia had promised to protect Serbs, and so Russia began to mobilize troops

11. War Breaks Out… Germany viewed Russia’s mobilization as an act of aggression Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia – Germany declared war on France, Russia’s ally August 1914 German troops crossed the border into neutral Belgium

12. War Begins: Kaiser Wilhelm II (Germany) believed Germany needed to make this first move to catch Belgium and France by surprise Great Britain, pledged to defend Belgium, declared war on Germany Everyone was choosing sides!

13. THE TWO SIDES CENTRAL POWERS Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire ALLIED POWERSGreat Britain, France, Russia Eventually 30 other nations would join the conflict!

14. The War Schlieffen Plan: called for a surprise German invasion of France by passing through Belgium, and a two-front war German attack on Belgium was brutal! Villages burnt to the ground; women and children executed

15. New Kind of Warfare France had not altered its “warfare style” since the 1800’s, and were not prepared for Germany’s massive firepower FIRST BATTLE OF THE MARNE: German army quickly advanced through northern France – though France’s losses were heavy, she pushed the Germans back some 40 miles YOUTUBE WORLD WAR I in color Catastrophe, part 1

16. New Kind of Warfare Russia mobilized, causing Germany to pull some troops out of France to fight Russia on the eastern front TRENCH WARFARE: no soldiers had ever experienced war in trenches on this scale! (see pages 234-235) YOUTUBE “WWI in color”

17. New Weapons New technologies made new weapons: Machine guns: 600 bullets per minute Poison gas: both sides used Hand grenades & Tanks Submarines Airplanes: spectacular air battles called “dogfights”

18. President Wilson’s foreign policy From 1914 to 1917, Wilson was guided by a desire for freedom of navigation on the seas… But, Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare would challenge U.S. neutrality!

19. U.S. in WORLD WAR I May 1915 some 1,900 passengers and crew boarded the British ship LUISITANIA in New York Harbor Week later, ship approached British Isles – German torpedo slammed into ship’s right side – Sank in only 18 minutes – about 1,200 people died, including 128 Americans

20. U.S. stays neutral Before this, U.S. had tried to remain neutral Isolationism: policy of not being involved in affairs of other nations Leaning toward Allies: Britain had been purchasing war materials from U.S.

21. German submarine warfare Britain had been blockading Germany German Navy devised plan to attack British, including use of U-BOATS, small submarines Feb. 1915 German government announced waters around Great Britain would be treated as a war zone

22. Heading Toward War American public outraged by 1915 sinking of Luisitania Wilson re-elected 1916 and began working for peace settlement – January 1917 urged both sides to accept “peace without victory”

23. Zimmerman Note German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman sent telegram to German official in Mexico, proposing alliance between Germany and Mexico, promising Mexico would get back New Mexico, Texas, Arizona British intercepted telegram – more Americans began to call for war against Germany

24. U.S. Declares War Uprising in Russia forced Czar Nicholas II to give up power Mid-March 1917 German U-boats sank three American merchant ships April 1917 Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany to make the world “safe for democracy”

25. Americans in Europe U.S. military began preparing for battle: May 1917 Selective Service Act (draft) Conscientious Objectors / Discrimination AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCES: led by General John Pershing arrived in France June 1917

26. Allied Setbacks When Americans arrived, Allies’ situation grim: Germany occupied Belgium, northeastern France – Russia struggling in the East November 1917 Bolsheviks (Communists) gained power in Russia (U.S. sent combat troops to Russia to keep war material from falling into enemy hands)

27. WAR ENDS American forces major factor in the war July 1918 Germany launched last offensive – U.S. Army blew up every bridge German had built – German Army retreated Allies counterattacked September 1918 – Americans defeated Germans near French-German border

28. Armistice By late 1918 war almost over German and Austrian economy destroyed Soldiers disheartened Central Powers began to surrender Early November Austria-Hungary signed peace agreement – then German bean peace negotiations

29. November 11, 1918 Armistice went into effect Germany: -leave all territories it occupied -surrendered aircraft, heavy artillery, tanks -allow Allies to occupy some German territory Some hoped this “war to end all wars”

30. THE HOME FRONT during WWI MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY Regulating industry, food, fuel M OBILIZING WORKERS National War Labor Board: to mediate disputes between workers / management Influenza epidemic

31. INFLUENCING PUBLIC OPINION Wilson created COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC INFORMATION Propaganda: materials designed to influence American support for the war effort “Uncle Sam”

32. THE FOURTEEN POINTS Wilson’s vision for just and lasting world peace (open diplomacy / fair system to resolve disputes over colonies / self-determination / League of Nations) New philosophy for American foreign policy PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE January 1919 Treaty of Versailles – Germany had to disarm and pay reparations – signed June 1919

33. Paris Peace Conference January 1919: Treaty of Versailles – Germany had to disarm and pay reparations (though Germany not allowed in the negotiations) Signed June 1919 (lead to rise of German nationalism, Adolf Hitler, and the Third Reich – devastation of Europe’s industrial base helped bring on the Great Depression)

34. U.S. RESPONSE TO TREATY Treaty of Versailles “harsher” than what Wilson wanted U.S. Senate divided: Democrats: supported ratification Irreconcilables: urged rejection Reservationists: ratify if changed

35. U.S. … Ends up NOT joining the League of Nations (and League very weakened!) Senate refuses to ratify Treaty of Versailles (opposition lead by Henry Cabot Lodge)

36. IMPACT OF WORLD WAR I Devastating conflict: millions dead and disabled Political Impact Economic Impact Social Impact European Impact