Carbon compounds and Cell boundaries

1. Carbon compounds and Cell boundaries

2. Why is life carbon based? • Carbon atoms are: • -able to bond with up to four other atoms • -able to make single, double or triple bonds • -able to make chains, rings of almost unlimited size • Therefore can form lots of different organic ‘living’ compounds. • Four major types of organic compounds found in living things: • A) Carbohydrates B) Lipids • C) Nucleic Acids D) Proteins

3. Carbohydrates: • Most important energy source for our bodies • Plants supply them for us since we can’t make them • Single sugar units (monomers/monosaccharides) • Several sugar units (polymers/polysaccharides) • Examples:glucose (blood), fructose (plant), lactose (milk), cellulose (plant cell walls, a.k.a. fiberor roughage), starch ( stored in plants for energy), glycogen (stored in animals for energy).

4. and broken up through hydrolysis reactions (splitting through water addition) • -polysaccharides are formed through dehydration reactions (linking through water removal)

5. Cellulose (fiber) in our diet helps digestion because it holds water in the large intestine • But: cellulose itself (corn for example) cannot be digested by humans • Cellulose can be digested by cows with help from microbes in their stomachs, • and by beavers and rabbits who......well......... eat their own poop

6. Lipids: • 1. What are lipids made of? • 2. What are some categories of lipids? • 3. Why are lipids important for our bodies? • 4. What do the terms ‘saturated’ and unsaturated fats mean?

7. Lipids: • Made up of C and H atoms, not water soluble • Categories include fats, oils, and waxes • Important because they are: • a) An important source of energy storage • b) The main component of our cell membranes • c) Raw materials for hormones (such as steroids) • d) Carriers of vitamins • e) Cushions for our organs • f) Insulation from cold

8. Saturated fats = single bonds, Unsaturated = double • Saturated fats: worse for our health because not broken down as easily • Lead to cancer, high blood pressure (plaque), diabetes etc.

9. Cell Membrane = Lipid Bi-layer

10. Cell Boundaries: (Pgs 182-189): • 1. What are the functions of the cell membrane? • 2. What do we call the double layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes? • 3. What is the difference in function of the proteins and the carbohydrates attached to a cell membrane? • 4. In what organisms are cell walls found? • 5. What are plant cell walls mostly made of? • 6. What do we mean when we say the ‘concentration of a solution’? • 7. What is diffusion? • 8. What does it mean when we say that a system has reached equilibrium? • 9. What does it mean when we say that biological membranes are selectively permeable? • 10. What is osmosis? • 11. Looking at figure 7-15 on page 185, answer the following questions: • a) In the beaker on the left, which solution is hypertonic and which is hypotonic? (left solution vs right solution). • b) In this model, to which material is the membrane permeable, water or sugar? • c) Draw a third beaker which would show two solutions (left and right) which are isotonic. • 12. What happens in the process of facilitated diffusion? • 13. What is the role of protein channels in the cell membrane? • 14. What is active transport? • 15. What is the difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion? • 16. Describe each of the following forms of active transport: • a) endocytosis, b) phagocytosis, c) pinocytosis, d) exocytosis

11. Etymology List: • 1. Bio = life • 2. ology = study of • 3. genesis = beginning • 4. a = negative/opposite • 5. homeo/homo = same • 6. stasis/static = stay/stop • 7. anthropo = mankind • 8. centric = centered • 9. phil = to like/love • 10. pro = early/primitive • 11. karyon = nut/nucleus • 12. eu = true • 13. mono = one • 14. poly = several • 15. ose = sugar • 16. hydro = water • 17. exo/ecto =outside • 18. endo =inside • 19. hypo = below/lower • 20. hyper = above/higher

12. Etymology List: • 21. tonic = strength • 22. iso = same • 23. phago = eat • 24. pino = liquid(tiny drop) • 25. lysis/lytic = to break • 26. cyto = cell • 27. de = removal of • 28. osis =state/condition of • 29. osmos = thrust/push • 30. bi = two

13. Nucleic acids: • 1. What are nucleic acids made of? • 2. Why are nucleic acids important for our bodies? Proteins: What are proteins made of? Why are proteins important for our bodies?

14. Nucleic acids: • Contain C, H, O, N, and P atoms. • Made up of repeating units called nucleotides. • Store and transmit hereditary (genetic) information. • A.K.A. DNA and RNA

15. Proteins: • Made up of C, H, O and N. • Many amino acids joined together. • Structural components of cells, and therefore our physical characteristics • Very diverse in form compared to other carbon compounds. • Also used for: • A) Chemical reactions, B) Fighting disease, C) Transporting substances in and out of cells , D) Possible energy source

16. Review assignment: • Pg 57: #’s 18, 19, 21 • Pg 197: #’s 1 through 10, 12, 17, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, and 33 • Pg 199: #’s 1, 2, 3, 5, 6