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Early 19 th century Industrialization in America: The Market Revolution. ESSENTIAL QUESTION:. What were the results of early 19 th century industrialization in America?. The Transportation Revolution. Improving the Roads. An effort to improve transportation between states
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Early 19th century Industrialization in America: The Market Revolution
ESSENTIAL QUESTION: What were the results of early 19th century industrialization in America?
The Transportation Revolution
Improving the Roads • An effort to improve transportation between states • States chartered companies to operate turnpikes- roads that users had to pay a toll to use. • The term came from the turnpikes, or gates, that guarded entrances to the roads. • The income from the toll is used to improve a road’s condition for easy travel. First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA By 1832, nearly 2,400 miles of road connected most major cities.
National Road • Funded by the Federal government • Extended from Maryland to present-day Illinois in1818.
Steamboat Goes Commercial • By burning wood or coal, the engine boiled water to create steam. • The force of the steam turned a large, rotating paddle, which pushed the boat through the water. • Designed by Robert Fulton • His first boat was named the Clermont. • The steamboat made it much easier to travel upstream against the current. • Before the steamboat, it took 4 months to travel 1,400 miles from New Orleans to Louisville, Kentucky along the Mississippi River. • In 1820, a steamboat made the journey in just 20 days. • By 1838, it took on 6 days. • Steamships could cross the Atlantic Ocean in a mere 10-14 days, compared to the 25-50 days for a sailing ship.
Canals • The U.S.’s canal system grew from 100 miles in 1816 to 3,300 miles in 1840. • Mostly built in the Northeast • Helped to link farms to cities. • Erie Canal was completed in 1825. • It ran from 363 miles across New York from Lake Erie to the Hudson River. • By channeling western produce to the Hudson River, the Erie Canal helped make New York City the nation’s greatest commercial center. • The city’s population grew from 124,000 in 1820 to 800,000 in 1860.
Erie Canal Began in 1817; completed in 1825
RAILROADS • Developed in Great Britain but began to appear in the U.S. in the 1820s. • Horses pulled the first trains but people soon used steam powered engines to pull heavier loads of freight or passengers at higher speeds. • Compared to canals, railroads cost less to build and could more easily go uphill. • This introduction and development put a quick end to the canal boom. • In just 30 years, the U.S. had more than 31,000 miles of tracks. • It took 2 days to get from Detroit to NYC.
A New Revolution… • New technologies transformed manufacturing. • Transformation = Industrial Revolution • Began in Great Britain during the 1700’s with the development of machines, powered by steam or flowing rivers • First machines spun thread and wove clothing.
The British banned the export of machinery and the emigration of workers with knowledge of how to use particular machinery. • Samuel Slaterbroke the law and moved to the U.S. • He used his knowledge of the textile machinery and built the first water-powered textile mill in 1793 in Pawtucket, RI. • The mill used a flowing river to power the machines. • The mill produced cotton thread. • He and his business partners later built multiple mills along New England rivers. • As a result, families would settle along the rivers and work in the mills. Textile Mills
The Lowell Mill • Boston merchant, Francis Cabot Lowell • He toured England’s factory towns to gather information. • Created a town full of factories called Lowell in MA. • The mills employed young women recruited from nearby farms. • The company enforced strict rules of behavior and housed the “Lowell girls” in closely supervised boardinghouses.
Inventions • Interchangeable parts- components that could be used in place of one another. • Eli Whitney introduced this idea • Whitney proposed manufacturing muskets part by part instead of one at a time.
Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory Interchangeable Parts Rifle
Inventions • Samuel F.B. Morse • Invented electric telegraph, which allowed electrical pulses to travel long distances along metal wires as coded signals. • The code of dots and dashes is called Morse code. • By 1860, the nation had 50,000 miles of telegraph wires.
Samuel F. B. Morse 1840 – Telegraph
Agriculture Remains Strong • Despite the growing size and power of factories, agriculture remained the largest industry. • Farmers were raising larger crops • Most grains were coming from the Midwest. • The steel plow and mechanical reaper allowed for more convenient farming.
