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Classification

Classification. How do we organize living things?. classification - the grouping of objects or information based on similarities taxonomy - branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on their characteristics. How did classification begin? .

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Classification

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  1. Classification

  2. How do we organize living things? • classification- the grouping of objects or information based on similarities • taxonomy- branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on their characteristics

  3. How did classification begin? • Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) developed the first system of classification • classified all organisms into 2 groups: plants and animals • subdivisions based on where the organisms lived (land, air, water, etc.) • did not group organisms based on evolutionary history (ex- bats, birds, insects all together)

  4. Carolus Linnaeus developed a method in the eighteenth century that is still used today • system was based on physical and structural similarities • developed the naming system known asbinomial nomenclature

  5. Binomial Nomenclature • binomial nomenclature- two-word system for naming and identifying species • first word identifies thegenusof the organism • a group of similar species • second word is called thespecific epithet • describes a characteristic of the organism • the two words = the scientific name for a species

  6. Writing Scientific Names • in Latin • italicized or underlined • the first letter of the genus name is uppercase • the first letter of the specific epithet is lowercase

  7. Example: Homo sapiens • modern humans • in the genus Homo • sapiens means “wise” in Latin

  8. What features could you use to identify these?

  9. Modern Classification • today’s taxonomists try to identify evolutionary relationships as a basis for classification • compare external and internal structures, geographical distribution, genetic makeup

  10. Learning How to Identify Organisms • anyone can learn to identify organisms • taxonomist use dichotomous keys to identify organisms • dichotomous key-aset of paired statements that can be used to identify organisms

  11. How Living Things are Classified • taxon- a group of organisms (plural = taxa) • taxa range from broad categories to very specific categories • more than one classification system exists • the six kingdom system is most common

  12. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species KingPhilCameOverForGreatSpaghetti. KPCOFGS

  13. Species • organisms that look alike and successfully interbreed • the smallest, most specific taxon

  14. Genus • group of similar species that have similar features and are closely related

  15. Family • a group of similar genera (plural for genus)

  16. Order • taxon of similar families

  17. Class • taxon of similar orders

  18. Phylum (plural = phyla) • taxon of similar classes • plant taxonomist use the taxondivisioninstead of phylum

  19. Kingdom • taxon of similar phyla or divisions (plants)

  20. BOBCAT LYNX HOUSE CAT

  21. BOBCAT/LYNX Kingdom- Animalia Phylum- Chordata Class- Mammalia Order- Carnivora Family- Felidae Genus/Species- Lynx rufus (red) Lynx canadensis (from Canada) HOUSE CAT Kingdom- Animalia Phylum- Chordata Class- Mammalia Order- Carnivora Family- Felidae Genus/Species- Felis domesticus (from the house)

  22. Archaebacteria • unicellular prokaryotes (lack nuclei) • usually found in extreme environments- extremophiles • extreme heat • no oxygen • highly acidic • oldest known life forms on Earth

  23. DEEP SEA VOLCANO VENT

  24. Eubacteria • most bacteria fall into this kingdom • found everywhere; most commonly known

  25. E. COLI STREP CHOLERA

  26. Protists • the “odds and ends” kingdom- extremely diverse! • contain all microscopic organisms that are not bacteria, not plants, not animals, and not fungi

  27. Fungi • mushrooms, mold, mildew • mostly multicellular • cannot make their own food

  28. Plants • autotrophs- make their own food • multicellular • second largest kingdom

  29. Animals • multicellular • heterotrophs- must feed on other organisms • largest kingdom (over 1 million species)

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