James Madison, Jr.

1. James Madison, Jr. • Democratic-Republican Party • Fourth President of the United States (1809-1817) http://millercenter.org/president/madison

2. Occupational and Educational Background • Lawyer • Political theorist • U.S. congressman • Secretary of state under Jefferson • Rector at the University of Virginia • Schooled at home then went to preparatory school then to the College of New Jersey at Princeton

3. Vice Presidents and Secretaries of State under Madison Vice Presidents • George Clinton (1809-1812) • Elbridge Gerry (1813-1814) Other Important Cabinet Members • Secretary of War- James Monroe (1814-1815) http://gardenofpraise.com/ibdmonro.htm Secretaries of State Robert Smith (1809-1811) James Monroe (1811-1817)

4. States Admitted under Madison • Louisiana April 30, 1812 http://www.epa.gov/radon/states/louisiana.html • Indiana December 11, 1816 http://www.destination360.com/north-america/us/indiana/map

5. Election of 1808 • James Madison- Democratic-Republican party, 122 electoral votes • Charles C. Pinckney- Federalist party, 47 electoral votes • George Clinton- Democratic Republican party, 6 electoral votes http://www.historycentral.com/elections/1808Elec.html Reasons Madison won- • Madison had the assistance of Thomas Jefferson to influence congressional members to vote for him. • Madison was elected because people were protesting the consequences of the Embargo Act which closed harbors to English and French trade. * Popular vote totals were not retained until the election of 1824.

6. Election of 1812 • James Madison- Democratic-Republican party, 128 electoral votes • DeWitt Clinton- Federalist party, 89 electoral votes • http://www.historycentral.com/elections/1808State.html Reasons Madison won- • Strong Naval victories at the beginning of the War of 1812 put confidence in people that Madison would be a strong war-time President • Madison’s ideas of the War influenced people to keep him instead of Federalist DeWitt Clinton which led to Madison’s election and the fall of the Federalist party *Popular vote totals were not retained until the election of 1824.

7. James Madison becomes President (1809) • Madison received 122 electoral votes to become the President of the United States in the 1808 election • Took Office in 1809 and held Office until 1817 • Was in Office during the War of 1812 http://www.poorwilliam.net/al-031609.html http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/26132/election_of_1808_madison_defeats_the.html?cat=37 http://millercenter.org/president/madison http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/26147/election_of_1812_referendum_on_mr_madisons.html?cat=37

8. Fletcher vs. Peck (1810) Main Issue- Is a law that negates all property rights established under an earlier law unconstitutional? Peck sold 15,00 acres of land to Fletcher for $3,000 and in the contract based off of a statute of 1796, Peck stated that the land was still rightfully his even though it was bought by Fletcher. Overall Significance- A law that negates all property rights established under an earlier law is unconstitutional for violating the Contract Clause (Article I, Section 10) of the United States Constitution. This means that the contract signed for the land was a binding contract and the law had no effect on the land. It also stated that, under the Contract Clause, no state shall grant any title of nobility to anyone. This shows that once Fletcher bought the land from Peck, it was rightfully his. Future Significance- States were allowed to pass legislation to affect contracts, but not to abrogate them. http://www.lawnix.com/cases/fletcher-peck.html http://ebookstore.sony.com/ebook/john-marshall/fletcher-v-peck-10-u-s-87/_/R-400000000000000109612

9. Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) Main Idea- The bill was created to lift all restrictions on trade with Great Britain and France following the Embargo Act of 1807 and the Non-Intercourse act of 1809. Provision- If either Nation ended its restrictions against U.S. commerce before March 3, 1811, the President could authorize the resumption of Non-Intercourse against the Nation that refused to change its policy within three months of the first country’s declaration to end its restrictions against American shipping Overall Significance- Napoleon allowed ships into French harbors which gave Britain the choice to allow U.S. ships or re-enter Non-Intercourse with the United States. After three months, the British went into Non-Intercourse because of Parliaments inability to renounce the Orders that didn’t allow U.S. ships into British harbors. Future Significance- Tensions grew between Great Britain and the United States. This led to the War of 1812. http://what-when-how.com/the-american-economy/macons-bill-no-2-1810/

10. Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) The attempt by the Indians of the Old Northwest to stop the sale of land to the west and to also to resist alcohol and other temptations of the White culture. Overall Significance- The Americans made the Indians flee their village and made life in that area much better for whites. It didn’t stop the Americans from moving westward. Future Significance- The leader of the Indians, Tecumseh, came back during the War of 1812 to ally the British. http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1017.html http://www.legendsofamerica.com/na-indianwarcampaigns.html

11. Construction of Cumberland Road began (1811) This was a major project because it was the First real road connecting the East with the West at that time. The citizens of the United States needed a safe way to move to the west so they would not encounter troubles with either Indians or destroyed paths by the wagons. Significance- The road was reliable and many thousands of settlers used it to begin their journey out west. Even though the use of Railroads soon took advantage over the use of road, the Cumberland road still remained and soon became parts of Highways that are still used today. It was the inspiration for many of the roads that were built soon after in the U.S. http://history1800s.about.com/od/transportation/a/nationalroad.htm http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~ilfayett/nationalroad/nationalroad.html

12. Charter of the First National Bank Expires (1811) On March 3rd, the First National Bank’s charter expired and was not renewed. People believed that the bank was majorly owned by foreigners and they also thought it was only a tool to give money to the Government. From 1811 to 1816, there was no National Bank and only because of the War of 1812 was the Second National Bank created. http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/cowen.banking.first_bank.us http://archiseek.com/2009/1797-first-national-bank-philadelphia-pennsylvania/

13. Louisiana enters the Union (1812) 18th State of the United States of America http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/college_guide/blog/eating_the_cake.php

14. Beginning of the War of 1812 (1812) This was the start to what people call the second war for independence. Following high tensions from the British because of Macon’s Bill No. 2, the British and Americans were officially at war when James Madison signed the Declaration of War on June 18, 1812. This was a war that lasted 3 years and Finally told Britain that America could be its own individual country. http://www.gatewayno.com/history/war1812.html http://nicholelouise.tripod.com/

15. James Madison begins second presidential term (1813) Madison received 128 electoral votes in the Election of 1812 which gave him Office for four more years. He received many votes because people saw him as a competent leader who could lead the Americans past the British in the War of 1812. http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h514.html http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamesmadison

16. City of Washington captured and burned by British (1814) August 24, 1814 the British marched into Washington after the Battle of Bladensburg in Maryland. The British soon began to set the entire city on fire to intimidate the United States. President Madison returned to the City and vowed to have it rebuilt. The White House was completely reconstructed in 1817. This is an example of leaders of the United States never giving up even though things are very bad at times. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/british-capture-and-burn-washington http://ushistorygirl.blogspot.com/2009/08/burning-down-house.html

17. Battle of Fort McHenry at Baltimore (1814) Through the rain of September 12-13, the British advanced up the Chesapeake Bay and attempted to enter the Baltimore Harbor. Through the two days, the British bombarded the fort and vice-versa. On the 13th, after a 25 hour bombardment, the sight of the American Flag convinced the British commander that the harbor couldn’t be breached. The victory at Fort McHenry gave new pride to Americans after the burning of Washington D.C. Francis Scott Key wrote a poem from a British ship that is now the National Anthem of the United States of America http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/warof1812/p/ftmchenry.htm

18. Hartford Convention (1814) This was the gathering of New England representatives to try and make changes to the federal Constitution. Proposed Changes- • requiring a two-thirds vote of Congress to declare war or admit a new state • limiting the president to one term • apportioning taxes and representatives according to population • and prohibiting any state from providing two successive presidents These actions never took consideration because the victory of New Orleans and the Treaty of Ghent. This led to other meetings of people to discuss the laws of the United States and how they could be revised. http://www.ctheritage.org/encyclopedia/ct1763_1818/hartconv.htm

19. Treaty of Ghent ends War of 1812 (1814) The Treaty was to mainly restore pre-war conditions. Provisions • Called for the end of hostilities • Required that conquered territory and prisoners be returned • Appointed a commission to study lingering boundary issues between the United States and Canada. Significance- The treaty stopped the war but according to John Quincy Adams, “Nothing was adjusted, nothing was settled”. There were no more conflicts (war or fighting) between the U.S. and Britain and they later became allies. http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h510.html

20. Battle of New Orleans (1815) The battle was the final major battle of the war even though the Treaty of Ghent had been signed before the battle. Andrew Jackson led American troops to stop the British for advancing up the Mississippi River. The first main stop to try and take control would be New Orleans and the U.S. had to stop the British to ensure an American Victory in the war. Significance- The Americans had 8 killed and 13 wounded to the British who had over 2,000 killed. The Americans won the battle and after that, fighting of the War of 1812 stopped. Future- The British never entered another war with the United States over the land of the United States and in the 1900’s they became allies. http://www.gatewayno.com/history/war1812.html

21. Major U.S. Imports/ Exports Imports-Woolen and cotton cloth, Sugar, and Coffee Exports- Cotton http://lovingthebigisland.wordpress.com/2009/04/25/the-sugar-industry-in-hawaii-kona-sugar-company-and-west-hawai%E2%80%99i-railway-company/eferal-sugar-cane/ http://naturallyadvanced.wordpress.com/tag/organic-cotton/

22. Tariff of 1816 (1816) This was put up to make the British made goods not as cheap as the New England goods so that people would still buy the American made goods. This was the first true protectionist measure of the United States. In 1824 another act required a protectionist measure, and because of the knowledge of how the Tariff of 1816 worked, they could create stronger protectionist measures against problems. http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h973.html

23. Second Bank of the U.S. chartered (1816) The bank was created because of the debt from the War of 1812. The charter for the bank lasted 20 years, same as the first one. In 1819, the Supreme Court case of McCulloch v. Maryland ruled that the Federal Government had the right to make the Second Bank of the United States and also that states couldn’t tax the operation of the national Bank. During Andrew Jackson’s term as President, he wanted State banks instead of a national bank so once the 20 year charter was gone, the Second Bank of the U.S. went away. http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h256.html http://www.sjsapush.com/ch10.php

24. First AME Church (African Methodist Episcopal) founded in the U.S. (1817) The first African American Church in the United States. The former slaves in the Philadelphia area wanted to set up a new church because of discrimination in other churches. Richard Allen was the leader of the new church and was the mind for the entire project. This was the beginning of people changing things themselves because of discrimination in the States. Freedom of religion was the main focus. Richard Allen became the first Bishop of the AME Church. This led to people of all races being in charge of religious ideas. http://www.pghclo.org/churchhistory.htm

25. American Colonization society founded (1817) The society was organized to transport free Africans back to Africa so that White Americans would not have to worry about them in America. Slavery in the South soon increased because the freed Africans were leaving so the White people could own more slaves to work more land. African Americans didn’t want to leave their native lands to go to the coasts of Africa About 11,000 Blacks were transported to Liberia up to 1860 and from then to 1912, the society was just more of a trustee for Liberia. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/American+Colonization+Society http://www.cgdev.org/section/initiatives/_active/assistance/mcamonitor/threshold/_liberia

26. Quotes about Madison Positive • James Madison was in many ways a genius for the cause of a binding central government. -Jonathan Weiss http://jonjacobweiss.blogspot.com/2011/08/importance-of-federalism-james-madisons.html • In fact, the best “educational program” comes from James Madison. -Gen LaGreca & Marsha Enright http://georgereismansblog.blogspot.com/2011/09/james-madison-was-right-about-property.html Negative • The founders of our nation were nearly all Infidels. -Reverend Doctor Bird Wilson http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/quotes/madison.htm • I will now add what I do not like. First the omission of a bill of rights providing clearly & without the aid of sophisms. –Thomas Jefferson http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=306

27. James Madison • He was the first President with prior service as a congressman • He was under fire during the War of 1812 (During Presidency) • First President to wear long trousers • Drafted the Constitution • Created the Second National Bank http://www.potus.com/jmadison.html http://millercenter.org/president/madison/essays/biography/9

28. James MadisonBy: Mike O’Dwyer