Unit 2: The Life Span

1. Unit 2: The Life Span Ch 3: Infancy and Childhood Ch 4: Adolescence Ch 5: Adulthood and Old Age

2. Developmental psych The study of ________ that occur as an individual __________. Includes physical, ____, emotional, _____, + intellectual development. There are 3 main issues in developmental psych: _____________ vs. stages of development Stability vs. ________ _________ vs. nurture (heredity vs. learned behavior) Ch 3 - Infancy and Childhood

3. Newborns DO NOT TRY THIS!!! Development begins in the _____. Fetuses have __________ 3-4 weeks after conception. They also suck their thumbs + hiccup. At birth, they can see, hear, smell, + ________ _________________. Capable of inherited, automatic, coordinated movements called ___________ which include: Grasping reflex – respond to a touch on the palm of their hand + __________ any object. Rooting reflex – if alert + touched around the ________, they will move their head + mouth toward the object. These reflexes gradually _______. How do we measure capabilities of newborns? By observing their _______ + behaviors – they can suck, turn their heads, look at things, cry, smile, + show surprise or fright. These things show ____________.

4. Physical development The development of an infant into a child who can walk + talk is a result of _________ + _______. Maturation is internally programmed _____ of a child. For ex, most children can do the following: Lift head – ___ months Smile – ___ months Crawl – ______ months Walk – ______ months Unless a child is persistently ________, severely restricted in movements, or deprived of human ______ or things to look at, these developments will happen approximately according to the above schedule. It does no good for parents to try to _____ the process; a child must be _____________ ready. If an infant is too far behind this schedule, it helps doctors to spot potential ___________.

5. Language development We have learned a lot about language development from _________. Chimps are able to learn ___________ + use specialized computers w/ symbols. Some claim that there is a _______________ _________ for language. Young children can often learn _____ language more easily + quickly than ________ language. There are several steps to learning language: Make ______ by hand or mouth. Learn the _________ of the signs or words. Learn the __________. By the time a child is 2, they have a vocabulary of ______________ words. From 1½ - 5 yrs old, children add _____ words per day to their vocabulary. At 2 yrs old, a child’s grammar is still unlike an adult. They use telegraphic speech in which they leave out words or use the wrong verb tense, but still get the _________________. Read p.69 “The Case of Genie” End Section 1

6. Cognitive development Swiss psychologist __________ intensely studied the intelligence of small children. Discovered that children develop logic + _____________ at different ages. Concluded that children’s knowledge grows ______________ (amount) + _____________(depth or meaning). Stressed children’s ___________ in gaining knowledge. Considered by many to be the greatest _______________ of the 20th century.

7. To understand the world around us, we all construct mental schemas (________ ______________ of the world – or a way of seeing + organizing things). When exposed to something new, a child (or adult) will try to __________ one of his/her schemas. If an object or experience ____ into a pre-existing schema, it goes through the process of assimilation. If an object or experience _________ into a pre-existing schema, the______ must adjust to the new knowledge in the process of accommodation. Assimilation + accommodation work together to produce ____________________.

8. Infants only know what is right in ____ of them. Any object hidden from their sight ________________ for them. Around 7 months old, babies begin to realize objects _________ even when they can’t see them. By 18-24 months, children realize that people + objects are ___________ of his/her actions. This is known as object permanence. At this time, the child has acquired representational thought – the ability to _______ things in his/her mind. Young children are egocentric – they can’t understand another person’s ______________. B/w 5-7 yrs old, most children begin to understand conservation – the principle that a given quantity doesn’t change when its _____________ has changed.

11. Emotional development We have learned a lot about emotional development from _________. Some newborn animals have a sudden, virtually ________ learning process to become attached to their _________ known as imprinting. If they aren’t exposed to their mother at this time, they will _____ something or someone else + become attached to it. Important for ______ purposes. Occurs during a critical period (a specific time in development when certain skills or abilities are most ________________). In Harry Harlow’s experiment, baby monkeys would often attach themselves to a ______ surrogate monkey w/o food instead of a ___________ monkey w/ food, showing that imprinting is also important for __________________. Read p.270-71 “Fertile Minds”

12. Infants begin to form attachments to mothers around __________ when they can distinguish one person from another + are beginning to develop object permanence. Attachment w/ mother is especially strong from _______________________. Disruption to the process can be disturbing to a child + lead to ____________________. During an experiment to measure attachment moms were told leave children + come back w/ + w/o a stranger in the room. Revealed 4 patterns of attachment: 1. __________________ – child welcomes back mom + is free of anger 2. _______________ – child ignores mom 3. _________________ – child not upset when mom leaves, but angry + rejects her when she returns 4. __________________ – child behaves inconsistently End Section 2

13. Parenting styles There are 4 types: Authoritarian Families: Parents are the bosses. Rules are ___________ + kids should never ? parents. Authoritative or Democratic Families: Parents ________________ of rules. Kids may participate in the decision making process w/ discussions + negotiations, but parents have ______. Permissive or Laissez-faire Families: Parents try to guide kids but _______ when pushed. Kids have the ________. Uninvolved Parents: Parents are _____ + unconcerned w/ kids. Studies show kids of ___________ families are more confident of their values + goals than other kids b/c they’re not treated as _________ nor given too much __________ too soon. They’re also more able to identify w/ their parents + these parents present a model of responsible, cooperative independence for the ________________.

14. Child abuse The physical or ________ injury, sexual abuse, ________ treatment, or mistreatment of children under the age of 18. Reasons it occurs: Abusers were often _____ of abuse as kids. Many abusive parents have little patience or _____________________. ________ parents are more likely to resort to abuse. Low birth-weight infants, children who are hyperactive, or mentally/physically disabled are more likely to be victims of abuse (make _________________ on parents). Social-cultural stresses like __________, + lack of contact w/ family + friends are associated w/ abuse. Abuse can lead to loss of trust + feelings of guilt in victims. This can further lead to _________ behavior, depression, loss of ____________, etc…

15. Social development Socialization is the process of learning the _____________ of the culture an individual is born into + will live in. A child must learn what is considered acceptable + _____________ behavior. Some rules are clear, some are _________. Sometimes there are ________________. Difficult process, rules can change based on: ________ _____ _______ ______ Each society has ideas about what is meaningful, valuable, worth ___________, + beautiful. Additionally, each classifies people according to their family, sex, age, skills, personality, + _______________.

16. Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development He believed that all kids are born w/ powerful ______________________. By learning to control them, kids learn right + wrong.

17. During the phallic stage, children become aware of ____________________. Additionally, Freud believed that at this time children compete for the affection of the _________ parent + resent the __________ parent. Freud believed this occurrence to be especially powerful for ____ – known as the Oedipus Complex (for ___ it’s known as the Electra Complex). Eventually children go through the process of identification, in which he/she adopts the values + principles of the __________ parent. During the latency stage, children redirect their ___________ into learning tasks in a process known as sublimation.

18. Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development Learning Theories of Development Erikson recognized sexual + aggressive urges, but believed that the need for ____ _________ was equally important. Believed we face crises as we mature + how others respond to __________ shapes our development. Both Freud + Erikson believed learning ________ is different from intellectual or physical skills. Many psychologists ______. They believe children learn the ways of their social world b/c they’re rewarded for conforming + b/c they _________ in hopes of future rewards. Implies that the child is a _____________.

19. The Cognitive-Developmental Approach Believe the child’s social development is a result of the child’s acting on the _________ + trying to make sense out of his/her ____________. Children’s _____ are a way for children to make sense of their world. Much time is focused on the ___ of play. Learn how to structure ________________. Miniature society. _____________ allows them to experience other points of view.

20. Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development Given the hypothetical situation of a man needing an drug he couldn’t afford to save his wife’s life, children showed 6 stages of moral reasoning: P. 85-86 End Section 3

21. What is adolescence? Some societies don’t ____________ adolescence. People move directly from childhood to adulthood. We consider it to be a time of preparation for adult ___________ w/ many initiation rites (ceremonies or rituals in which an individual is admitted to a new status or accepted into a new position). Ex: Certain b-days (16,18,21) Getting driver’s license Bar or bat mitzvahs Graduations Marriage Great physical, mental + __________ changes occur. Ch 4 – Adolescence

22. Theories of adolescence There’s been controversy over the nature of adolescence since it was 1st suggested as a separate stage of life in _______. G. Stanley Hall compared it to being a fully grown animal in a cage – an animal that sees freedom but doesn’t know when it will occur or how to _______. Stage of ______________. Some see it as a stage of __________ growth. Anthropologist Margaret Mead said adolescent stress is a by-product of _____________ societies + in some cultures, adolescence is a highly enjoyable time. Virtually all agree that there is ______ ________.

23. Psychologist Robert Havighurst listed developmental tasks adolescents must master which include: Acquiring a masculine/feminine ________________. Developing _________________ w/ age-mates of both genders. Becoming ___________________ of parents + other adults. Deciding on + preparing for a ______. Understanding + achieving socially responsible _____________. Preparing for marriage + family. Acquiring _____ that are harmonious + appropriate. Read p.90-91 Time Reports Articles (BOTH)

24. Physical development Sexual maturation, or puberty (the point when ___________ is first possible), begins when hormones trigger a series of internal + external changes including a growth spurt. Girls Start at _________ on average. Fat tissue develops, making them appear ________. Develop _____________. Boys Start at _________ on average. Fat tissue develops, making them appear chubby, but later disappears to be replaced by _______________. Develop a ______ heart + lungs. ________ deepens.

25. This period of growth can be awkward for boys + girls b/c of asynchrony (________ _________ or maturation of body parts). Growth will __________ eventually. Males + females both have a strong correlation b/w having a negative ______ _______ + feelings of _____________. Both genders are particularly sensitive about any traits they possess that they consider to be __________________. Adolescents who develop too soon or too late are more likely to be _____________. Except for early developing boys - they tend to be ________________.

26. Sexual development Adolescence is the time when people develop their attitudes about ______ + expectations about their _____________. Cultural attitudes on what + when children are told about sex _____________. The teen _________ has steadily since 1991. Statistics show that kids of _______ _______ are more likely to have kids as teenagers, do poorly in school, + _________________. End Section 1

27. Cognitive development Thinking patterns characteristic of _____ emerge. ______________ becomes more developed around 11-12 yrs old. Leads to better ________________ abilities. Adolescents deal w/ overpowering emotional feelings through rationalization (a process where a person seeks to explain an unpleasant ________________ in a way that will preserve his/her ____________). Tend to become very ______ b/c they can imagine the hypothetical (the way things could be). When they compare that to the way things are, they can grow _________. Tend to become impatient w/ previous generations’ __________________.

29. Dr. David Elkind described problems adolescents develop as a result of _________+ abstract thought processes: Finding fault w/ _______________ (b/c the adults fall short of the ideal). ________________. Indecisiveness (b/c they are aware of ______________). Apparent ________ (b/c they have problems living up to their own ideals). Self-consciousness (b/c they assume everyone is thinking about the same thing they are –____________!). Feelings of ___________ (b/c they begin to feel that they + their experiences are unique).

30. Teenagers + work By high school graduation over ____% of students have had some kind of job. Most take a _________ job for extra $. Research indicates that such work can ________________. Why? Less time to ________________. Gain a _____________ about the workplace b/c their jobs tend to be low paying, boring, + unchallenging. Gain false ideas about $. B/c they’re usually working for ______ ______, they tend to experience a false sense of affluence . They may not realize that when they have to take on a full-time job that spending $ will be ____________.

31. Moral development Many people never go beyond ________ (obey laws + cultural norms) in Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development. Stages 5 (are laws just?) + 6 (ethical principles are universal + more important than written laws) require _________ ______. But although most adolescents acquire this ability, only about ____% display higher moral reasoning. Moral development doesn’t change much in __________, but does during college when people are exposed to different __________________.

32. Identity development The ______________________ is the key to adolescent development. Most adolescents go through an identity crisis (a time of ____________ during which they worry intensely about who they are). What causes this? Physiological + _________ developments. Awakening ____________. Awareness of the ________ as a reality. Need to feel _____ but still fit in. Identity forms when they can ____________ such as occupation, beliefs, morals, etc… Not all psychologists believe adolescents experience an __________, or that if they do it is due to external or societal factors. End Section 2

33. Social development In the 1970s, the typical American family had a ___________ father who worked outside the home + ________ _______ mother. Now about __ of marriages end in divorce + over ___ of all adult women are in the workforce. The principle developmental task of adolescents is becoming independent of their ________. Teenagers use their ______ to define themselves. Early in adolescence, boys + girls are usually _______, but later they mix in groups.

34. What determines whether an adolescent will be accepted by a _____________? Class (middle + lower classes usually _______) Good looks + personality (often determine _________) _________ Other Belonging to a clique (a group w/in a group) is very important to _________________ + serves several functions: Fulfills the need for __________. Gives each other a way of establishing an identity by helping each other: Achieve _____________ Develop a sense of ___________ from their families Clarify ________ Experiment w/ ______________

35. The fear of being _________ can lead to conformity (acting in accordance w/ some specified authority). _____ tend to set adolescent values on fashion, music, + _________ issues. However, _______ tend to set adolescent values on marriage, ________, + educational plans. Things like _______ + attitudes about ______ can be influenced by peers +/or parents. Adolescents tend to choose friends w/ values ______ to their ________.

36. Depression during adolescence Although studies show that the great majority of adolescents adjust _______ _________ to temporary psychological difficulties, the rates of mental illness + ______ have been over the past several decades (the teenage suicide rate has TRIPLED in the last 50 yrs + that rate may be ______________). Some believe that depression is much more __________ in teenagers than most adults suspect. Unlike adults who appear sad, teenagers often appear ______ when depressed + may engage in _____ _______. They may withdrawal from friends + family as well.

37. Eating disorders Most prevalent in _________ – especially _______. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by a fear of gaining weight that results in prolonged _____________ + dramatic weight loss. Have a distorted ________ – believe they’re fat even when they're dangerously thin. Some psychologists believe the disorder is a way for anorexics to feel in ______ of something (their body). Bulimia nervosa is characterized by binge eating followed by ________ (by vomiting, using laxatives, or strict dieting + fasting). Both anorexia + bulimia require _________ to help recover + deal w/ the deeper psychological issues behind them. Former anorexics + bulimics constantly have to be careful of a __________.

39. End Section 3

40. Gender roles Gender identity is a one’s physical + biological make-up. It is your ________ of being male or female. B/w ____________, most kids label themselves as “boy” or “girl”. By _________, most kids have learned the thoughts, expectations, + behaviors that go w/ their gender role. Gender roles are the sets of ________ that society considers appropriate for each sex. Vary from one _________ to another. Can _______ over time w/in a society. Sometimes gender roles become so rigid that they become gender stereotypes – an oversimplified or ____________________ about the characteristics of men + women. Androgynous – combining or blending traditionally male + female _____________.

41. Gender Stereotype

42. Gender differences Studies have found that there are __________ differences b/w men + women. Men are more _________ (according to 1 study) especially in academic areas or in tasks stereotyped as masculine (ex. ____ + science). Females are more ________ aggressive + men are more __________ aggressive. MEN ____ MORE THAN WOMEN!! They also _______ more, but women talk more when they have ______ in a relationship. Women are more likely to use _________ in speech (ex. “I may be wrong” or “I’m not sure”). Women are more likely to show _______ + warmth + men dominance + _______. Women are more sensitive to _________ cues. Very few ___________ differences.

43. Origins of gender differences How gender differences develop is part of the _____________________ debate. Biological Theory: Emphasizes the role of anatomy, hormones, + ________________. Believe behaviors _____ from early humans. Psychoanalytical Theory (Freud): Occurs when kids go through the _____________ process (ages 3-5) when they identify w/ the same sex parent. Social Learning Theory: Kids learn gender roles by _______ + _______ adults. Adults respond + reward certain behaviors in boys + others in girls. Cognitive-Developmental Theory: Kids acquire gender roles by interacting w/ their ______________ + thinking about those experiences. Eventually they develop a gender schema (a mental representation of how men + women should think + behave). End Section 4

44. Physical changes 2 theories of the aging process: Body cells become less able to ____ themselves. We have a ______________ which limits the # of times cells can divide + multiply. Young adults reach their physical peak b/w ______________. Period when we’re the strongest, healthiest, + have quickest ______. ______________ is slow + gradual. What is lost physically may be replaced by ___________. Ch 5 – Adulthood and Old Age

45. Appearance changes: Hair starts to gray + maybe _______. Skin becomes somewhat dry + __________ – leading to wrinkles + loose skin. Become a little __________. Senses become ___________ + reflexes slow down. Many health problems can be _________________ by taking good care of yourself as a child + young adult (diet, exercise, avoiding risky behavior, no excessive stress, etc…). The 3 most common causes of death in late adulthood are ______________, cancer, + ___________ of the liver. Women go through menopause during ___________. They are no longer able to have kids + their bodies’ production of sex hormones . No ____________. ½ of women interviewed said they felt more ____________________ after menopause.

46. Marriage + divorce Sexual activity About ____% of adults in the US will get married. About ____ of marriages end in divorce. Success or failure of a marriage basically stems from 2 things: How often they share ________________ moments. How couples handle __________. Happy couples argue, but they: - _________ to each other. - Focus on _______________ ___________. - Show ___________. Sexual activity doesn’t automatically w/ _____. Those who are inactive give 3 reasons for not having sex: ________ w/ partner. Poor physical condition. Accept the __________ that sex drive .

47. Cognitive changes Adults in their mid 20’s are better at solving problems that require ______ + _____________. People continue to acquire information + to expand their ________ as they grow older. The ability to comprehend new material + to ______________ improves w/ years + experience. Most reach their ______ peak in their 40’s (or even as late as their 60’s) if they had a _______________, are in a stimulating environment, + work in an ____________ ___________ career.

48. Social + personality development A person’s ___________, his/her style of adapting to situations, is relatively _______ over his/her life. But personality is _______ + capable of change as an individual confronts new ___________. Despite people’s belief that they have __________________ over the years, researchers have found that confident people tend to remain confident, aggressive people tend to remain aggressive, etc… unless something _________has happened (ex. job loss).

49. Levinson’s Theory of Male Development *Ages are approximations. 22-28: Novice into the adult world. Must try to resolve the conflict b/w the need to _____________ + establish a _________ structure. 28-30: Transition period w/ “Age 30 crisis”. Tentative commitments made in 1st life structure are __________ + many ?s about life goals are reopened, often in a _______ way. Believe unsatisfying parts of life must be dealt w/ now. 31-40: Settling down. Has made _____ ________ about his life, now concentrates on “making it” in the adult world + during the last ½ of this stage, strives to attain ______________________ in his world.

50. 40-45: Midlife transition. Begins again to ask ?s, but now about the _____ as well as the ______ (Ex. What have I done? What do I still want to do?). Successful transition often leads to becoming a ________ to a young man which results in generativity (the desire in middle age to pass _____ on to future generations). Unsuccessful transition may result in stagnation (a discontinuation of development + a desire to _________ the past). Late 40s onward: True adulthood can be achieved. Men who are satisfied w/ their life reach a period of ________ + men who aren’t become ___________ + unhappy.