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KINGDOM ANIMALIA

KINGDOM ANIMALIA. TERMS. Symmetry. Asymmetrical – no body symmetry Ex: Sponges – have no true tissues Radial – similar parts branch out in all directions from a central line Have a top and bottom side, but no front or back Ex: Cnidarians

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KINGDOM ANIMALIA

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  1. KINGDOM ANIMALIA TERMS

  2. Symmetry • Asymmetrical – no body symmetry • Ex: Sponges – have no true tissues • Radial – similar parts branch out in all directions from a central line • Have a top and bottom side, but no front or back • Ex: Cnidarians • Bilateral – two similar halves on either side of the body • Have dorsal, ventral, anterior and posterior portions to the animal • Exhibit cephalization – concentration of sensory and brain structures in the anterior end of the animal

  3. Body Cavity • Based on Embryological Tissues • Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm • Acoelomate – body cavity absent

  4. Body Cavity • Pseudocoelomate – digestive tract is not lined with mesoderm • Cavity between endoderm and mesoderm

  5. Body Cavity • Coelomate • Cavity fully lined by mesoderm • Mesoderm lines and supports the gut

  6. Nutrition and Digestion • Nutrition – mainly by ingestion • One or Two Openings • Gastrovascular cavity – single opening for digestion and ingestion; found in cnidarians, ctenophores and flatworms • Alimentary canal – two openings for digestive tract • Digestive Structures

  7. Circulation • Diffusion / Osmosis • Diffusion – allows carbon dioxide to diffuse out of the blood and oxygen to diffuse into the blood • Osmosis - • Open System - A system in which the circulating fluid is not enclosed in vessels at all times; found in insects, crayfish, some mollusks, and other invertebrates. • Closed System - A system that uses a continuous series of vessels of different sizes to deliver blood to body cells and return it to the heart; found in echinoderms and vertebrates. • Heart Structure • Number of Chambers in Vertebrate • Three chambered heart – amphibians, reptiles • Four chambered heart – birds, mammals

  8. Respiration • Diffusion • Structures • Gills – an organ specialized for the exchange of gasses with water • Book Lungs – in the abdomen of an arachnid, an organ for gas exchange with parallel folds that resembles the pages of a book • Tracheal Tubes • In insects, myriapods: one of a network or air tubes that brings air directly to the tissues • Lungs – the respiratory organ where gas exchange occurs • In vertebrates: tubes connect the pharynx to the lung

  9. Reproduction • External / Internal Fertilization • External – the union of gametes outside the bodies of the parents, as in many fishes and amphibians • Internal – fertilization in which sperm fuses with an egg inside the female’s body, as in reptiles, mammals and cartilaginous fishes • Eggs – types • Amniotic Egg – embryo encased in a self-contained aquatic environment’ • Amniotes – animals that produce an amnion • Reptiles, birds, mammals • Types of birth • Oviparous – eggs that that hatch outside of the mothers body • Most reptiles, all birds, three species of mammals • Ovoviparous - eggs stored inside the mothers body and are laid right before hatching or born alive • Viviparous – no shell forms around the egg, and the young are kept inside of the mother’s body until they are mature enough to be born • Most mammals, a few species of lizards and snakes

  10. Water Regulation & Excretion • Water Balance • Removal of excess water • Conservation of water • Excretory Terms & Structures • Flame Cells – in flatworms, a cell that collects excess body water and transfers it to the excretory system • Malphigian Tubules – main excretory organs of insects; they collect body fluids and wastes and carry them to the intestine • Water is reabsorbed by the body, and wastes leave the body in a nearly solid form • Nephridia / Metanephridia – excretory tubules that eliminate cellular waste and excess water in earthworms • Some water is reabsorbed by blood vessels • Kidneys – found in vertebrates; they filter wastes from the blood while regulating water levels in the body

  11. Support • Hydrostatic Skeleton – a fluid-filled cavity surrounded by muscles. The pressure of the fluid, and the action of the surrounding muscles are used to create movement • Echinoderms, cnidarians, annelids, nematodes • Exoskeleton – the hard, external covering of some invertebrates that provides protection and support • Arthropods (insects, spiders, crustaceans) and shelled mollucs • Endoskeleton – an internal skeleton • Chordata, Echinodermata, Poriferia

  12. Nervous System • Nerves – a strand of axons through which impulses travel • Nerve net – a diffuse web of interconnected nerve cells in the nervous system of cnidarians • Ganglion – a mass of nerve cells • Cephalization – concentration of nervous tissue and sensory organs at the anterior end of an organism

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