Week Two

1. Week Two 荷馬的《伊里亞德》(張玉燕) 2011--Alice Y. Chang

2. A Synopsis 簡介史詩創作之傳統與美學。介紹荷馬史詩背景以及史詩中的思想與觀念，藉由這兩部文學經典之介紹，引導學生摸索西方文學起源的主要文化脈絡，啟發學生思維的深度與廣度。 討論主題: 1. 史詩的美學、風格與意義 2. 生命的倫理學: 疾病、戰爭、苦難與神話 2011--Alice Y. Chang

3. Readings Excerpts from Homer’s The Iliad (Book I) 延伸閱讀書籍 荷馬著。羅念生，王煥生譯。《伊利亞特》。台北：貓頭鷹，2000。 荷馬著。曹鴻昭譯，《荷馬史詩：伊利亞圍城記》，台北：聯經，1985。 皮耶．維達那克/著。 黃馨逸 譯。《荷馬的世界》。 台北：左岸文化，2004。 Bloom, Harold. The Western Canon. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1994 Calvino, Italo. Why Read the Classics? Trans. Martin McLaughlin. New York: Pantheon, 1999. 2011--Alice Y. Chang

4. 課前問題 你覺得甚麼是<史詩風格>? 2011--Alice Y. Chang

5. Alice Y. Chang

6. 主題一 史詩的美學、風格與意義 2011--Alice Y. Chang

7. Greek literature begins with. . . • Greek literature begins with two masterpieces, the Iliad and Odyssey, • which cannot be accurately dated (the conjectural dates range over three centuries) • and which are attributed to the poet Homer, about whom nothing is known except his name.

9. The blind bard Demodocus The Greeks believed that he was blind, perhaps because the bard Demodocus in the Odysseywas blind and seven different cities put forward claims to be his birthplace.

10. Cithara/ Lyre

11. Homer: Oral Tradition It was a blurred memory . (Homer does not remember the writing, for example, or the detailed bureaucratic accounting recorded on the tablets) and this is easy to understand: some time in the last century of the millennium the great palaces were destroyed by fire. Alice Y. Chang

12. Mycenaean wealth the Dark Age With them disappeared not only the arts and skills that had created Mycenaean wealth but even the system of writing. For the next few hundred years the Greeks were illiterate and so no written evidence survives for what, in view of our ignorance about so many aspects of it, we call the Dark Age of Greece. Alice Y. Chang

13. 朗誦史詩《伊里亞德》可能有強健身心的效果 • 動人心弦的詩篇美麗的詩句真的可以對心臟傳達情意 • http://sa.ylib.com/news/newsshow.asp?FDocNo=570&CL=33 2011--Alice Y. Chang

14. the Trojan War and Mycenaean Age • The stories told in the Homeric poems are set in the age of the Trojan War, which archeologists (those, that is, who believe that it happened at all) date to the twelfth century B.C. Alice Y. Chang

17. About to the age of writing… • The two great epics that have made his name supreme among poets may have been fixed in something like their present form before the art of writing was in general use in Greece; • it is certain that they were intended not for reading but for oral recitation.

18. Oral tradition literacy • The earliest stages of their composition date from around the beginnings of Greek literacy—the late eighth century B.C. • The poems exhibit the unmistakable characteristics of oral composition.

19. Review: Minoan and Mycenaean

20. Review: From Dark Age to Archaic Period

21. story of Achilles and his wrath When he told again for his hearers the old story of Achilles and his wrath, he was recreating a traditional story that had been recited, with variations, additions, and improvements, by a long line of predecessors.

23. Iliad 伊里亞德是古希臘詩人荷馬的敘事史詩。是重要的古希臘文學作品，與《奧德賽》同為西方的經典之一。 根據有荷馬史詩人物圖像的花瓶生產時期、其他引用此詩的希臘詩歌撰寫日子推斷，本史詩應大約完成於公元前750或725年。 《伊里亞德》這個書名，是「伊利昂城下的故事」的意思。

24. 敘述了特洛伊戰爭第十年（也是最後一年） 《伊里亞德》中幾個星期的活動。史詩以阿基里斯和阿伽門農的爭吵開始，以赫克托耳的葬禮結束，故事的背景和最終的結局都沒有直接敘述。 伊里亞德和奧德賽都只是更宏大的敘事詩傳統的一部份，此外還有許多不同長度不同作者的敘事詩作，只不過只有一些片斷流傳下來。

25. 卷數 第一卷：紛爭、宣言及盟誓第二卷：閱軍及誓師第三卷：決鬥第四卷：引發戰爭的一箭 第五卷：跟神明一同戰鬥的英雄第六卷：城市和荒野之間第七卷：戰鬥和城牆 第八卷：由宙斯挑起的戰爭 • 依照希臘文版本，本史詩共有二十四卷。

26. 風格 由於當時的文字系統未發展成熟，而且相信荷馬是向不識字的平民表演，所以詩中用了不少吟唱技巧。例如，他用了許多重覆的字句，而經過後人的潤飾，漸漸形成「荷馬式風格」。一些經典場景和動作也會以相似的文字來描述，但是在非希臘文的譯本，譯者為了避免單調而會選用不同的字詞來形容那些場景，沒保留這一吟唱詩的特色。

27. 主題二 生命的倫理學: 疾病、戰爭、苦難與神話 2011--Alice Y. Chang

28. The Achaeans—the Hellenes (Greeks), Danaans, and Argives Agamemnon— King of Mycenae; leader of the Greeks. Achilles — King of the Myrmidons. • Odysseus— King of Ithaca; the wiliest Greek commander, and hero of the Odyssey. • Menelaus— King of Sparta; husband of Helen. .

29. The Trojan women Hecuba— Priam’s wife; mother of Hector, Cassandra, Paris, and others. Helen— Menelaus’s wife; espoused first to Paris, then to Deiphobus. Andromache— Hector’s wife; mother of Astyanax Cassandra— Priam’s daughter; courted by Apollo, who bestows the gift of prophecy to her; upon her rejection, he curses her, and her warnings of Trojan doom go unheeded.

30. Iliad I. 1-100 紛爭 憤怒 瘟疫 死亡 2011--Alice Y. Chang

31. Achilles The dilemma: short but heroic life or long but ordinary life? 2011--Alice Y. Chang

33. timê –respect, honor the concept denoting the respectability an honorable man accrues with accomplishment (cultural, political, martial), per his station in life. The warrior’s consequentrancor against the dishonorable king ruins the Greek military cause.

35. Moirae Fate, destiny propels most of the events of the Iliad. Once set, gods and men abide it, neither truly able nor willing to contest it. How fate is set is unknown, but it is told by the Fates and Seers such as Calchas. Men and their gods continually speak of heroic acceptance and cowardly avoidance of one’s slated fate.

36. the Three Fates Fate implies the primeval, tripartite division of the world that Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades effected in deposing their father, Cronus, for its dominion. Zeus took the Air and the Sky, Poseidon the Waters, and Hades the Underworld, the land of the dead — yet, they share dominion of the Earth. Despite the earthly powers of the Olympic gods, only the Three Fates set the destiny of Man.

38. The Moirae, as depicted in a 16th century tapestry

39. the three Moirae Clotho ("spinner") spun the thread of life from her distaff onto her spindle. Lachesis ("allotter" or drawer of lots) measured the thread of life allotted to each person with her measuring rod. Atropos ("inexorable" or "inevitable", literally "unturning.” sometimes called Aisa) was the cutter of the thread of life. She chose the manner of each person's death; Her Roman equivalent was Morta ('Death').

40. Book One and Book Two Book 1: After nine years of the Trojan War, King Agamemnon seizes Briseis, Achilles’s war-concubine, for having relinquished Chryseis; dishonoured, Achilles wrathfully withdraws; the gods argue the War’s outcome. Book 2: Testing Greek resolve, Agamemnon feigns a homeward order; Odysseus encourages the Greeks to pursue the fight; see the “Catalogue of Ships” and the “Catalogue of Trojans and Allies”.

41. war Of the two poems the Iliad is perhaps the earlier. Its subject is war; its characters are men in battle and women whose fate depends on the outcome.

42. the Achaeans v.s. the Trojans • The war is fought by the Achaeans against the Trojans for the recovery of Helen, the wife of the Achaean chieftain Menelaus; • the combatants are heroes who in their chariots engage in individual duels before the supporting lines of infantry and archers.

44. Hector The great champion of the Trojans, Hector, fights bravely, but reluctantly. War, for him, is a necessary evil, and he thinks nostalgically of the peaceful past, though he has little hope of peace to come.

45. Achilles slays Hector

46. Hector and Achilles We see Hector, as we do not see Achilles, against the background of the patterns of civilized life—the rich city with its temples and palaces, the continuity of the family. The duel between these two men is the inevitable crisis of the poem, and just as inevitable is Hector’s defeat and death.

47. Hector’s death At the climactic moment of Hector’s death, as everywhere in the poem, Homer’s firm control of his material preserves the balance in which our contrary emotions are held; pity for Hector does not entirely rob us of sympathy for Achilles.

48. The Funeral of Hector