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Perception Interventions

Perception Interventions. Chapter 7. Chapter Overview. Perception and selective awareness Humor and stress Personality patterns Self-esteem Locus of control Anxiety management Phobias Coping Techniques. What Are Perceptions?.

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Perception Interventions

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  1. Perception Interventions Chapter 7

  2. Chapter Overview • Perception and selective awareness • Humor and stress • Personality patterns • Self-esteem • Locus of control • Anxiety management • Phobias • Coping Techniques

  3. What Are Perceptions? Cognitive interpretations of people, things, and events within your world

  4. Selective Awareness • Choose to focus on the positive rather than the negative in a situation • Realize that there is both good and bad in every situation • Choose a positive physiological and psychological response

  5. Selective Awareness (cont.) • De-emphasize (but do not deny) negative features • Recall the good events of each day • “Be your own best friend” • “Take time to smell the roses”

  6. Concepts of Perspective and Selective Awareness • Put minor stressors into perspective • Focus on the positive aspects of the current situation • Develop an “attitude of gratitude” • Learn to be grateful for what you have, while not ignoring reality

  7. Humor and Stress • Humor can be an effective means of coping with stress • Chua et al. (2005) found humor prevented negative life events from resulting in mood disturbances • Labott & Martin (1987) found that coping with humor acted as a buffer between negative life events and mood disturbances

  8. Humor and Stress Relationship (cont.) • Humor results in psychological and physiological changes leading to relaxation • Humor has been shown to improve the health of the elderly and has been used as therapy • Humor also can be used inappropriately, causing distress to others

  9. Personality Behavior Patterns (Friedman & Rosenman, 1974) • Two types • Type A: characterized by competitive drive, aggressiveness, impatience, time urgency, and free-floating hostility • Found to be associated with coronary heart disease • Exhibited in females as well as males • Learned behavior, not genetically passed down

  10. Interesting Research • A study of nurses and teachers shows that Type A’s tend to experience more job stress (Lavaca, 1997) • Type A hospital employees had more health problems (Jamal & Baba, 2003) • Their appears to be a relationship between anger/hostility and coronary heart disease (Barefoot, Maelstrom & Williams, 1983)

  11. Did You Know? • Of all the behavioral characteristics studied, it appears that Type A’s that have a preponderance of hostile aggression are more likely to develop coronary heart disease

  12. Personality Behavior Patterns (cont.) • Two types (cont.) • Type B: behavior that exhibits no free-floating hostility or sense of time urgency, opposite of Type A • By setting goals linked to rewards and punishments, one can modify behaviors (Friedman & Rosenman, 1974)

  13. Self-Esteem and Stress Management • Self-esteem is how you regard yourself • Poor self-esteem is related to drug abuse, irresponsible sexual behavior, and other unhealthy activities • Can be affected by treatment by others; how we are judged affects how we feel about ourselves

  14. Self-Esteem andStress Management (cont.) • Poor self-esteem may lead to the development of stress-related illnesses • Stress management requires confidence in your ability to control your life effectively

  15. How to Increase Self-Esteem? • Identify what needs to be improved • Look at other components (e.g., low scores from Lab 7.3) • Ask yourself what needs to be improved • Whatever you decide to do: • Do it now! • Stick with it! • You can feel better about yourself

  16. Locus of Control • Perception of the amount of personal control you have over events in your life • External locus of control: perception that one has little control over these events • Internal locus of control: perception that one has a good deal of control over life events • Those with external locus take less action to control their lives because they believe such action is fruitless

  17. Locus of Control (cont.) • People can have good locus of control in one area of life and not in another • Cocreator Perception Deficiency (CCPD) describes those who believe that they have total control over events or no control at all; both are faulty

  18. Interesting Research • Women with an internal locus of control perceived themselves at greater risk of developing breast cancer and, therefore, were more likely to be screened(Rowe et al., 2005) • Locus of control related to chronic fatigue syndrome, sick leave from work, and how one responds to a diagnosis of human papillomavirus (Hansen et al., 2005; Kahn et al., 2005; van de Putte et al., 2005)

  19. Anxiety • Complete Lab 7.5 • Anxiety is unrealistic fear resulting in physiological arousal and behaviors to avoid or escape the stimulus

  20. Anxiety (cont.) • Types of anxiety • Test anxiety • Trait anxiety • State anxiety • Panic disorder • Social phobia • Specific phobias

  21. Coping Techniques • Environmental planning • Relabeling • Self-talk • Thought stopping • Systematic desensitization • ABCDE technique (Ellis & Harper, 1975)

  22. Hardiness • People who are hardy have the “3 C’s” • Commitment • Control • Challenge • Hardy people are able to better withstand the onslaught of stressors • Become ill less often from stressors • Have less psychological distress, increased happiness and adjustment, and happier marriages

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