F.S. How has the war in Afghanistan affected your life?

1. F.S. How has the war in Afghanistan affected your life?

2. Notes – The Great War

3. War Begins • Nationalism • Imperialism • Militarism • System of Alliances(Allies v. Central) • Archduke Franz Ferdinand(spark) • Aus-Serbia-Russia-Ger.-France-Eng.

4. Alliances

5. Reasons for America joining WWI • U.S. Closer to Allies(language, ancestory, democracy, economy • U-Boats(Lusitania) • Zimmerman Note

6. The U.S. was not prepared for war. Our military only consisted of 200,000 men with few having combat experience. Selective Service Act: established a draft U.S. ranks swelled to 5 million America Mobilizes for War

7. “Over There” • Read the lyrics to “Over There” while you listen to the song and answer the questions. • Song

8. Mass Production The U.S. needed to find a way to transport men, food and equipment over thousands of miles of ocean. Mobilizing for War

9. Name given to U.S. servicemen Wore white belts which they cleaned with pipe clay or “dough” They were impressed by the fancy sites and sounds of places like Paris but were horrified by the realities of modern warfare. Doughboys

10. After 21/2 years of fighting European troops were exhausted and demoralized. U.S. troops brought freshness and enthusiasm to the Allied forces. Fresh Troops

11. Life in the Trenches

12. Armies fought for mere yards of ground. Over three years of bloody warfare, only seven miles changed hands. The trenches built by both sides extended nearly 400 miles from the Belgian coast to the Swiss border. Experts calculate that along the western front, the Allies and Central Powers dug nearly 6,500 miles of trenches by the end of 1914. Trench Warfare

15. Rats in the millions infested trenches.  There were two main types, the brown and the black rat.  Both were despised but the brown rat was especially feared.  Gorging themselves on human remains (grotesquely disfiguring them by eating their eyes and liver) they could grow to the size of a cat. Trench Warfare

16. No Man’s Land A barren expanse of mud pockmarked with shell craters and filled with barbed wire.

17. Over The Top

18. Trench Foot Trench Foot was another medical condition peculiar to trench life.  It was a fungal infection of the feet caused by cold, wet and unsanitary trench conditions.  It could turn gangrenous and result in amputation. 

19. Tanks Airplanes Machine gun Observation Balloons Grenades Mustard Gas Created as a result of the Industrial Revolution New Weapons

20. Trench Warfare Game • http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/worldwarone/hq/trenchwarfare.shtml

21. Support on the Homefront • War Industries Board • encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency. • Set quotas and allocated raw materials. • Encouraged women to take jobs traditionally held by men • Production rose by 20% during the war

22. Food Administration • “gospel of the clean plate” • Once a week “meatless”, “sweetless”, “wheatless”, “porkless” • Restaurants removed sugar bowls

23. CONSERVING CABBAGE IN NORTH CAROLINA (More than 1,000 pounds of cabbage were put up by these women in three ways--kraut in light salt; kraut in heavy salt, and cabbage in brine, or pickled cabbage)

24. Selling the War

27. Anti-Immigrant Hysteria • Immigrants from places like Germany and Austria-Hungary suffered bitter attacks: • Loss of jobs • Some were tarred and feathered • Some Americans refused to play the music of Mozart, Bach, Beethoven and Brahms. • Schools stopped teaching the German language and removed books written by German authors. • German Americans were physically attacked • Changed names of items; hamburger – Liberty sandwich – sauerkraut – liberty cabbage.

28. A Violent Act… • Perhaps the most horrendous anti-German act was the lynching in April 1918 of Robert Paul Prager, 29, a German-born bakery employee, who was accused of making "disloyal utterances." A mob took him from the basement of the Collinsville, Illinois jail, dragged him outside of town and hanged him from a tree. Before the lynching, he was allowed to write a last note to his parents in Dresden, Germany: • Dear Parents: I must on this, the 4th day of April, 1918, die. Please pray for me, my dear parents. • In the trial that followed, the defendants wore red, white, and blue ribbons, while a band in the court house played patriotic songs. It took the jury 25 minutes to return a not-guilty verdict. The German government lodged a protest and offered to pay Prager's funeral expenses.

29. Espionage and Sedition Acts • A person could be fined up to $10,000 and sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with the war effort or for saying anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or the war effort. • Violation of First Amendment Rights

30. Post-War Destruction

31. Bomb Craters

32. 9 million U.S. – 126,000 killed 234,300 wounded Cost - $22,625,253,000 Casualties

33. Wilson’s Plan for Peace • Fourteen Points: • First Five – ways to prevent another war • No secret treaties • Freedom of the seas • Free trade • Reduction of arms • Colonial policies should consider the colonial peoples as well as the interest of imperial powers

34. Wilson’s Plan for Peace • The next eight points dealt with boundary changes and self-determination • Fourteenth Point – called for the creation of a League of Nations – a forum for nations to discuss and settle their grievances.

35. Allied Rejection • The other allied leaders wanted to make Germany pay. • The “Big Four” Georges Clemenceau (France), David Lloyd George (Britain), Vittorio Orlando (Italy) and Woodrow Wilson worked out the details of the Treaty of Versailles.

36. Treaty of Versailles • Established nine new nations and shifted the boundaries of other nations. • Barred Germany from maintaining an army • Germany had to return the region of Alsace-Lorraine to France and pay war reparations of $33 billion to the Allies • Germany was forced to give up most of their colonial territory • War guilt clause – Germany had to admit sole responsibility for starting the War.

39. Major Weaknesses • Germany was not able to pay the immense war reparations. • The humiliation and financial hardship inflicted on the Germans sowed the seeds for World War II.

40. U.S. and the Treaty • Wilson faced strong opposition for U.S. participation in the League of Nations and acceptance of the Treaty of Versailles. • Many Americans believed the U.S. participation in the League of Nations threatened isolationist foreign policy. • Wilson set out on an 8,000 mile tour to explain why the U.S. should join the League of Nations. • Congress rejected the Treaty of Versailles and signed a separate peace settlement with Germany. • The U.S. never joined the League of Nations.

41. Legacy of the War • America will return to Isolationism. • World War I had strengthened the power of the U.S. military and government • Accelerated social change for women and African Americans • Much of Europe was severely damaged resulting in political and economic instability that often erupted in violence. • “It cannot be that two million (Germans) should have fallen in vain…No, we do not pardon, we demand – vengeance!”

42. Europe Changed

43. Europe Today