NANOTECHNOLOGY: ENGINEERING A BETTER FUTURE

1. NANOTECHNOLOGY: ENGINEERING A BETTER FUTURE A KEY TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT MEHMET BAYINDIR DEPUTY DIRECTOR UNAM-NATIONAL NANOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH CENTER INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND NANOTEHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS BILKENT UNIVERSITY, ANKARA, TURKEY WIEF FORUM, KUALA LUMPUR / MALAYSIA Google search: UNAM

2. OUTLINE • NANOTECHNOLOGY: DEFINITION, EXAMPLES FROM NATURE, REVOLUTION VS EVOLUTION, BEAUTY OF SMALL, SUSTAINLIBILITY, IMPACTS ON SOCEITY (ECONOMY, ETHICS), CURRENT TRENDS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK, CHALLENGES • NANOTECHNOLOGY INVESTMENT: TIMING IS CRITICAL, BASIC RESEARCH, INFRASTRUCTURES AND FUNDING, IP MANAGEMENT, VECTURE CAPITAL SUPPORT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ENGINEERING A BETTER FUTURE • MUSLIM WORLD AT A CROSSROAD: NANOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH IN OIC COUNTRIES, PROPOSALS FOR ENHANCING THE NETWORKING • TURKEY’S PERSFECTIVE (UNAM): FIRST NATIONAL CENTER, USER FACILITY, INTERDISIPLINARY GRADUATE PROGRAMS, CREATING ENVIRONMENT FOR INNOVATION, RESEARCH OUTPUT, FROM LABORATORY INTO MARKET

3. NANOTECHNOLOGY DEFINITION EXAMPLES FROM NATURE REVOLUTION VS EVOLUTION BEAUTY OF SMALL SUSTAINLIBILITY IMPACTS ON SOCEITY (ECONOMY, ETHICS) CURRENT TRENDS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK CHALLENGES

4. NANOTECHNOLOGY: DEFINITION NANOTECHNOLOGY INVOLVES THE DESIGN, CHARACTERIZATION, PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION OF STRUCTURES, DEVICES AND SYSTEMS BY CONTROLLING SHAPE AND SIZE AT NANOMETRE SCALE (1-100 NM) DNA ORIGAMI NANOFIBERS HUMAN HAIR

5. FROM NATURE: PEACOCK FEATHERS NANOPHOTONIC CRYSTALS

6. FROM NATURE: GEOKO ULTRA‐STICKY FEET • NUMBER OF SPATULA IN A FOOT ~1 BILLION • INTERMOLECULAR FORCE IS RESPOSIBLE FOR THE STRONG BINDING WITH SURFACES • A GECKO CAN LIFT 130 KG WEIGTH SPATULA

7. TECHNICAL REVOLUTIONS INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IT REVOLUTION NANO REVOLUTION GEO REVOLUTION TIME 1492 1769 1947 1979 SCALE KILOMETER MILLIMETER MICROMETER NANOMETER EXPLORE THE WORLD PHYSICAL TASKS SIMPLE MENTAL TASKS COMPLEX MENTAL TASKS AIM NANOELECTRONICS NANOMECHANICS NANOCHEMISTRY NANOBIOLOGY MECHANICS ELECTRICITY MICROELECTRONICS MICROMECHANICS INFLUENCE NANOTECHNOLOGY CAN NOT BE JUST AN EXTENSION FROM THE MICRO- TO THE NANO-METER SCALE, IT HAS TO OFFER FUNDEMENTALLY NEW PROSPECTS IN ORDER TO SPARK A REVOLUTION MODIFIED FROM 1986 NOBEL LAUREATE DR. HENRY ROHRER’S TALK (UNAM, 2010)

8. NATURE IS THE PERFECT NANO-SYSTEM NANOIS THE SCALE OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES AND RULES LIVING NATURE [ MICRO RULES TODAY’S TECHNICAL WORLD ] NATUREIS THE PERFECT NANO-SYSTEM THE FUNDAMENTAL SHAPES, MOTIONS, PROCESSESHAPPEN TO BE ON THE NM SCALE AND ARE SYNTHEZISED TO MICRO- AND MACRO- SHAPES, MOTIONS, PROCESSES THE TECHNICAL STRATEGY OF LIVING NATURE IS SENSE & ACTUATE{SMALL BY SMALL} {WEAK BY WEAK} {MANY BY MANY} MODIFIED FROM 1986 NOBEL LAUREATE DR. HENRY ROHRER’S TALK (UNAM, 2010)

9. NANO: BEAUTY OF SMALL SMALL IS POWERFUL INTERMOLECULAR FORCE SMALL IS SUSTAINABLE LITTLE ENERGY CONSUMPTION LITTLE BUT BEST SUITED MATERIAL SMALL FOR EXCELLENT PERFORMANCE SMALLER, FASTER, CHEAPER SMALL RULES LARGE SO SMALL IS BEAUTIFUL MODIFIED FROM 1986 NOBEL LAUREATE DR. HENRY ROHRER’S TALK (UNAM, 2010)

10. IMPACTS ON SOCEITY (ECONOMY, ETHICS) THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INTO NANOPORE-BASED SENSORS IS TO BE ABLE TO SEQUENCE THE HUMAN GENOME FOR UNDER $1,000. ASSUME THAT WE WILL DEVELOP THIS TECHNOLOGY IN YEAR 2014. WHAT’S NEXT? WE NEED SUSTAINABLE BIO-ECONOMY BUT HOW? THEN NOT SO EASY QUESTIONS: RETIRED GENERATION IS POPULATION GROWTH SUSTAINABLE? IS AGING SUSTAINABLE? HOW WE MANAGE ETHICAL PROBLEMS? ? WORKING GENERATION

11. TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: INVESTMENTS Total funding for nanotechnology (from all sources, including government, corporate R&D, and venture capital), plotted by year • 62 COUNTRIES HAVE NANOTECHNOGY PROGRAMS • NUMBERS OF NANOCENTERS EXCEEDS 310 IN THE WORLD • TOTAL INVESTMENT IN THE WORLD: 18 BILLION USD / YEAR 2008 • GROWTH RATE: 17% (USA), 27% (REST OF THE WORLD) • ASIA IN THE LEAD SINCE 2006 • 5.9 B$=1.9B$ (FEDERAL) +2.7B$ (CORPORATE R&D)+1B$ (VENTURE CAP.) • TOTAL INVESTMENT IN TURKEY: ~45 MILLION USD (2006-2010) FACTS

12. TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: PUBLICATIONS Total number of nanotechnology publications appearing in the Science Citation Index by year • The number of nanotechnology papers has grown from about 8,000 in 1991 to about 87,000 in 2009 • 27 nations in European Union (EU27) leads in number of publications • China’s share of publications in leading journals is increasing at about the same rate as the United States’ share is decreasing • China still lags behind the United States and Europe in publication quality (impact) FACTS

13. TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: PUBLICATIONS Percentage of nanotechnology publications in year 2010 ASIA’S HEAVY INVESTMENT RESULTS IN COMPARABLE HIGH NANOTECHNOLOGY OUTPUTS.

14. TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: PATENTS Patent activity is a key metric of technology creation Source: Kisliuk B, USTPO, unpublished study on comparative patent filings, January 2010 • Patentfiling activity in China rose sharply duringthe period 2000-2004 and overtook the United States during 2005-2008 • China’s patent trends, combined with its expected future economic growth, could afford it widespreadnanotechnology protection in one of the world’s largestmarkets in coming decades FACTS

15. TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS • Nanotechnology market is growing • An estimated $224 billion worth of final products sold worldwide made some use of nanotechnology components in 2009, up from $135 billion in 2007. • Nanotechnology final products • 55% was from the materials and manufacturing industry sector, including products such as automobiles, industrial equipment, and building and construction. These products made use of nanotechnology-based components such as coatings, composites, and electronic components. • 32% of the final products were from the electronics and information technology sector, and included items such as mobile devices with displays and antimicrobial coatings enhanced with nanotechnology. • 12% of nanotechnology-based products were in the healthcare and life sciences sector, primarily from nano-enabled drug delivery systems • 1% of nanotechnology-based products came from the energy and environmental sector and included items such as nano-enabled filtration membranes or batteries.

16. TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS • Signature initiatives that would drive the next 10 years • • Nanomedicine (e.g., imaging, diagnostics and therapeutics; antibiotics; gene regulation); • • Energy storage, generation, and conversion; • • Environmental diagnostics and cleanup; • • Structural and multi-functional nanocomposites; • • Homeland security (e.g., chemical and biological detection and monitoring); • • Manufacturing nanotechnology-based products. • Rapid growth of number of nanotechnology-based products and companies • Explosive growth in energy and environmental applications of nanotechnology • In 2008, this sector accounted for 29 percent of all nanotechnology funding by the Federal Government, 14 percent of all corporate nanotechnology funding, 41 percent of venture capital funding, 21 percent of nanotechnology publications, and 59 percent of all nanotechnology patents

17. CHALLENGES • THE CENTRAL CHALLENGE OF NANOSCALE MATERIAL SCIENCE: GROWTH & FABRICATION OF GIVEN STRUCTURES OR COMPONENTS AT GIVEN LOCATIONS FOR GIVEN FUNCTIONS • NANO- INTERFACE: INTERFACE AS ACTIVE COMPONENT • CONNECTING NANOSTRUCTURE TO MACRO & MICRO SCALE COMPONENTS • NANO RESEARCH STILL REQUIRES EXPENSIVE EQUIPMENT • HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES OF NANOPRODUCTS • SUSTAINABLE FUNDING: RAPID COMMERCIALIZATION FOR CONTINOUS FEDERAL AND VENTURE CAPITAL SUPPORTS • NANOMETROLOGY: DEVELOPMENT OF LOW-COST, RELIABLE INSTRUMENTS • STANDARDIZATION

18. NANOTECHNOLOGY INVESTMENT TIMING IS CRITICAL TARGETED BASIC RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES AND FUNDING IP MANAGEMENT VECTURE CAPITAL SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ENGINEERING A BETTER FUTURE

19. A KEY TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT EARLY INVESTMENT IN NANOTECHNOLOGY AS A REVOLUTIONARY RESEARCH AREA IS AN OPTION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FOR A COUNTRY TARGETED BASIC RESEARCH INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT CONSTRUCTING INFRASTRUCTURES INTERNATIONAL NETWORKING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT BETTER FUTURE RESEARCHERS ENGINEERS TECHNICIANS VENTURE CAPITAL SUPPORT INTERDISCIPLINARY BEHAVIOUR ETHICAL ISSUES SUSTAINABLE FUNDING PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT

20. MUSLIM WORLD AT A CROSSROAD NANOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH IN OIC COUNTRIES PROPOSALS FOR ENHANCING THE NETWORKING

21. TRENDS IN OIC COUNTRIES IRAN TURKEY S. ARABIA NUMBER OF PAPERS: 1665 IMPACT: H-INDEX=45 CITATION/PAPER=7.6 NUMBER OF PAPERS: 5487 IMPACT: H-INDEX=40 CITATION/PAPER=2.7 NUMBER OF PAPERS: 602 IMPACT: H-INDEX=18 CITATION/PAPER=2.6 NANOPHOTONICS NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY ENERGY STORAGE NANOMATERIALS (3) NANOSCALE SENSOR NANOCATALYSTS BIOTECHNOLOGY NANOPARTICLES (5) NANOFIBERS NANOFLUIDS (2) NANOTUBES (2) NANOPARTICLES (5) NANOFILTRATION (2) NANOCRYSTALS BIO SENSOR NANOCATALYSTS NANOMATERIALS FOCUS NANOMATERIALS FOCUS DIVERSE FIELDS SINGAPORE NUMBER OF PAPERS: 5493 IMPACT: H-INDEX=114 CITATION/PAPER=15.0 GOVERNMENTS SUPPORT DRIVES NANOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH OUTPUTS IN LEADING OIC COUNTRIES

22. PROPOSAL 1 ESTABLISHING A WORLD-CLASS NANOTECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE • GRADUATE PROGRAMS: RAISING OUR FUTURE NANOSCIENTISTS • INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY (IP) OFFICE • START-UP COMPANIES: VENTURE CAPITAL SUPPORT • ENHANCESING COLLABORATIONS BETWEEN OIC MEMBER COUNTRIES BUDGET: 30 MILLION USD FOR INFOSTRUCTURE 100 MILLION USD FOR EQUIPMENTS 10-20 MILLION USD FOR YEARLY RUNNING COST HUMAN RESOURCES: 1,000 PHD STUDENTS 200 POST-DOCS 500 RESEARCHERS (200+300) 100 HIGH-TECH COMPANIES

23. PROPOSAL 2 LONG-TERM SCIENTIST EXCHANGE BETWEEN EXISTING NANOCENTERS • 12-24 MONTHS • TARGETED RESEARCH AREAS • FINANCIAL SUPPORT (SALARY, RESEARCH GRANTS, EQUIPMENT USAGE FEE) • UNAM CAN HOST 20-30 SCIENTISTS/YEAR BUDGET: 50,000-100,000 USD / PER PERSON

24. PROPOSAL 3 SHARING EXPERTISE BETWEEN THE EXISTING NANOCENTERS • TRAINING OF TECHNICIAN (TEM, FIB, SEM, XPS, AFM, …) • CLEAN ROOM TRAINING • 4-6 WEEKS SHORT VISITS • FOCUSED WORKSHOPS FOR TECHNICIANS BUDGET: 5,000-10,000 USD / PER PERSON

25. PROPOSAL 4 NANOTECHNOLOGY COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH PROJECTS • AT LEAST 3 DIFFERENT OIC MEMBERS SHOULD PARTICIPATE • TARGETED RESEARCH FIELDS • PARTIALY SUPPORTED BY HIGH-TECH COMPANIES • EU FP7 FRAMEWORK HAS SIMILAR PROJECTS BUDGET: 1,000,000-5,000,000 USD / PER PROJECT

26. PROPOSAL 5 SUPPORTING INDIVIDUAL SCIENTIST TO USE EXISTING NANOCENTERS • SHORT TERM VISITS (1-2 WEEKS) • PHD STUDENTS, RESEARCHERS • TRAVEL , ACCOMMODATION, CONSUMABLE, NANOCENTER USAGE FEE BUDGET: 5,000-10,000 USD / PER PERSON

27. TURKEY’S PERSFECTIVE UNAM FIRST NATIONAL CENTER USER FACILITY INTERDISIPLINARY GRADUATE PROGRAMS CREATING ENVIRONMENT FOR INNOVATION RESEARCH OUTPUT FROM LABORATORY INTO MARKET

28. NATIONAL NANOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH CENTER FIRST NATIONAL CENTER • History: 2006 - 2010 • Total laboratory and office space: 9000 m2 • Number of laboratories: 62 • Number of researchers: +250 (600, in 3 years) • Total investment: 50 Million $ • Number of users: +450 (Universities, Industry, International)

29. INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY NANOTECHNOLOGY EDUCATION: MS & PHD PROGRAMS RAISING OUR FUTURE NANOTECHNOLOGY EXPERTS ~100 Graduate Students (400 in 3 years)

30. UNAM LABORATORIES 5. FLOOR NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 4. FLOOR NANOCHEMISTRY 3. FLOOR NANOMATERIALS 2. FLOOR NANO-OPTICS, -PHOTONICS, -ELECTRONICS 1. FLOOR LASER AND SPECTROSCOPY GROUND LEVEL CLEANROOM: MICRO- & NANO-FABRICATION BASEMENT LEVEL IMAGING AND CHARACTERIZATION

31. UNAM LABORATORIES STATE-OF-THE-ART EQUIPMENTS INVENTORY WORLD-CLASS EXPERTS +150 Equipments

32. UNAM LABORATORIES 62 LABORATORIES INCLUDING NANOMATERIALS, FUNCTIONAL TEXTILE, MEMS/NEMS SENSORS, MOLECULAR NANOTECHNOLOGY, PHOTOVOLTAICS Nanochemisty Nanobiotechnology

33. IMAGING AND CHARACTERIZATION SEM TEM E-BEAM DUAL-BEAM

34. IMAGING AND CHARACTERIZATION NMR XPS MICROTOME AFM

35. IMAGING AND CHARACTERIZATION MRD AFM MPD SNOM

36. UNAM CLEANROOM 400 m2, 10, 100 & 1000 CLASSES

37. UNAM CLEANROOM: FLOOR PLAN 1 Mask writer 2 Furnaces 3 Mask aligner I 4 Mask aligner II 5 Bench I 6 ALD I 7 ALD II 8 LPCVD 9 RTA 10 ICP I 11 ICP II 12 Asher 13 Workstation I 14 Workstation I 15 PECVD 16 Sputtering 17 E-beam 18 Thermal Evap. 19 Bench II 20 Bench III 21 Bench IV 22 Critical P. D. 23 Dicing saw 24 Organic evap. 25 Semiconductor P. A. 26 MOCVD 27 Optical microscope 28 Stylus profilometer 29 Optical profilometer 30 Network analyzer 31 Probe station I 32 Probe station II 33 E-Beam writer 34 SEM

38. UNAM IN 2015? • INFRASTRUCTURE: • INVESTMENT OVER 100 MILLION USD • 70 LABORATORIES WITH 300 EQUIPMENTS • WORKFORCE: • 100 RESEARCHERS • 400 GRADUATE STUDENTS • 50 ENGINEERS AND TECHNICIANS • 10 STAFF • 50 USERS (DAILY) • USER FACILITY: • TOTAL NUMBER OF USERS FROM TURKEY: 1000 • TOTAL NUMBER OF INTERNATIONAL USERS: 250 • RESEARCH OUTPUT: • 70MILLION USD NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL GRANTS(YEARLY) • 400 PUBLICATIONS PER YEAR IN LEADING SCI JOURNALS • 50 PATENT APPLICATIONS PER YEAR • 30 START-UP COMPANIES

39. ESTABLISHING NATIONAL CENTER CONCEPT IN TURKEY CUTTING EDGE BASIC RESEARH [ MANPOWER, INFRASTRUCTURE, FUNDING ] TRANSFER RESEARCH OUTPUT INTO MARKET [ SART-UP COMPANIES, IP MANAGENENT, CONSULTING, INDUSTRY PROJECTS] RAISING FUTURE NANOSCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS [ GRADUATE PROGRAMS, WORKSHOPS ] USER FACILITY (365/24 ) [ ENGINEERS, ACADEMIC SUPPORT, TRAINING]

40. IMPACT: PUBLICATIONS IN HIGH-QUALITY JOURNALS

41. A NEW NANOFABRICATION TECHNIQUE BAYINDIR RESEARCH GROUP

42. NANOWIRES WITHOUT END ULTIMATE SIZE REDUCTION KILOMETER-LONG NANOSTRUCTURES A NEW TOP-TO-BOTTOM SCHEME IN NANOTECHNOLOGY

43. CREATING FAVORABLE ENVIRONMENT FOR INNOVATION UNAM CASE TARGETED RESEARCH AREAS FUNDING GOVERNMENT INDUSTRY EUROPEAN UNION NANOTECHNOLOGY GRADUATE PROGRAMS BASIC RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT FUNDING START-UP COMPANIES VENTURE CAPITAL GOVERNMENT SUPPORT LARGE-SCALE COMPANIES

44. UNAM-ORIGINATED START-UP COMPANIES FROM LABORATORY TO MARKET WITHIN 2 YEARS FIRST PRODUCT SOLD !

45. OUTLINE • NANOTECHNOLOGY: DEFINITION, EXAMPLES FROM NATURE, REVOLUTION VS EVOLUTION, BEAUTY OF SMALL, SUSTAINLIBILITY, IMPACTS ON SOCEITY (ECONOMY, ETHICS), CURRENT TRENDS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK, CHALLENGES • NANOTECHNOLOGY INVESTMENT: TIMING IS CRITICAL, BASIC RESEARCH, INFRASTRUCTURES AND FUNDING, IP MANAGEMENT, VECTURE CAPITAL SUPPORT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ENGINEERING A BETTER FUTURE • MUSLIM WORLD AT A CROSSROAD: NANOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH IN OIC COUNTRIES, PROPOSALS FOR ENHANCING THE NETWORKING • TURKEY’S PERSFECTIVE (UNAM): FIRST NATIONAL CENTER, USER FACILITY, INTERDISIPLINARY GRADUATE PROGRAMS, CREATING ENVIRONMENT FOR INNOVATION, RESEARCH OUTPUT, FROM LABORATORY INTO MARKET

46. PEPTIDE NANOFIBERS Heparin Mimetic Peptide Nanofibers Promote Angiogenesis Peptitde nanofibers promote faster wound healing at in vivo model In vivo angiogenesis was promoted by Biomimetic peptide nanofibers 50 nm R. Mammadov, B. Mammadov, S. Toksoz, B. Aydin, R. Yagci, A. B. Tekinay, and M. O. Guler, “Heparin Mimetic Peptide Nanofibers Promote Angiogenesis”, 2011, Biomacromolecules, DOI: 10.1021/bm200957s.