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The Progressive Movement: Advancing Society Through Science and Reform

The Progressive Movement aimed to enhance society using scientific principles. Advocates supported workers' rights, social justice, and government-funded environmentalism. Muckrakers exposed societal issues. Direct Primary and suffrage movements drove electoral changes, with leaders like Susan B. Anthony paving the way for women's voting rights. The movement led to reforms in governmental structures and election processes.

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The Progressive Movement: Advancing Society Through Science and Reform

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  1. Ch. 5 - The Progressive Movement (1890-1919) (Ch. 5, Sec. 1)

  2. The Progressive movement was an attempt to use scientific principles and expertise to improve society. Some focused on ways to use business practices to make gov’t more efficient, others joined the helped with election reforms and joined the suffrage movement to gain women the right to vote in national elections.

  3. I. The Roots of Progressivism. A. Progressivism – Diverse group that believed scientific principles to improve society. Progressivism historically advocates the advancement of workers' rights and social justice. The progressives supported gov’t-funded environmentalism, the creation of National Parks & Wildlife Refuges, supported anti-trust laws and the regulation of large corporations & monopolies. •  Reaction against laissez-faire economics. • Had strong faith in science and technology since scientific knowledge helped improve quality of life: light bulb, telephone, automobile, airplane, & railroads.

  4. 1. Muckrakers – Journalists who shed light on society’s problems. Term made popular by a speech from President Theodore Roosevelt who said “the filth on the floor …must be scrapped up with a muckrake…” U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt coined the term 'muckraker' in 1906. McClure's Magazine (cover, Jan, 1901) published many early muckraker articles. • By the early 1900’s, the effects of industrialization and urbanization became apparent and needed reform. •  Progressives were not unified in their activities & came from various backgrounds.

  5. Muckraker:Jacob Riis • How the Other Half Lives: Studies Among the Tenements of New York (1890) was a pioneering work of photojournalism by Jacob Riis, documenting the squalid living conditions in NYC slums in the 1880s. • Basis for future muckraking journalism by exposing the slums to New York City’s upper and middle class. • Theodore Roosevelt later called Riis "the most useful citizen of New York". New York City, by Jacob Riis, 1888.

  6. ‘Direct Primary’ is where all party members could vote for candidate (open in general election). La Follette of Wisconsin, started the Direct Primary Wisconsin became known as “the laboratory of democracy” due to its reforms that broke the power of party bosses.  Opposite of a Closed Primary.  Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette started the Direct Primary.

  7. 2. Election Changes. a) Initiative – Citizens introduce legislation for legislature to vote on. b) Referendum – Citizens introduce legislation for people to vote on. c) Recall – Special election to remove an elected official. CA Governor Gray Davis was recalled in 2003. Schwarzenegger was elected as his replacement.

  8. Mayor-Council form The main goal of progressive government reforms was to give voters more control over the government. Commission form Council-Manager form

  9. B. Suffrage – The right to vote (women). 1. Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady Stanton formed the National Women Suffrage Association (1869). Susan B. Anthony (standing), and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. •  She & 12 other women arrested in 1872 for illegally voting in Presidential election. • 1888, formed the Int’l Council of Women that represented the rights of women in 48 countries. •  She died in 1906; Honored by placing her portrait on the dollar coin in 1979.

  10. “Suffragette City” by David Bowie Oh don't lean on me man, cause you can't afford the ticketI'm back from Suffragette CityOh don't lean on me manCause you ain't got time to check itYou know my Suffragette CityDon't lean on me man, cause you can't afford the ticketI'm back from Suffragette CityOh don't lean on me manCause you ain't got time to check itYou know my Suffragette CityIs outta sight...she's all rightA Suffragette City, a Suffragette CityI'm back on Suffragette City, I'm back on Suffragette CityOoo, Sufraggete city, ooo, Suffragette CityOooh-how, Sufragette City, oooh-how, Sufragette, Ohhh, Wham Bam Thank You Ma'am!A Suffragette City, a Suffragette CityQuite all rightA Suffragette CityToo fineA Suffragette City, ooh, a Sufragette CityOh, my Sufragette City, oh my Suffragette CityOh, Suffragette (Hey man) oh leave me alone you know(Hey man) oh Henry, get off the phone, I gotta(Hey man) I gotta straighten my faceThis mellow thighed chick just put my spine out of place(Hey man) my schooldays insane(Hey man) my work's down the drain(Hey man) well she's a total blam-blamShe said she had to squeeze it but she..and then she..Oh don't lean on me man, cause you can't afford the ticketI'm back from Suffragette CityOh don't lean on me manCause you ain't got time to check itYou know my Suffragette CityIs outta sight...she's all right(Hey man) Ah Henry, don't be unkind, go away(Hey man) I can't take you this time, no way(Hey man) droogie don't crash hereThere's only room for one and here she comes, here she comesOh hit me!

  11.  Wyoming was the first state to grant women the right to vote within its state boundaries.  Early problems getting women politically active.  By 1912, many western states granted women the right to vote.

  12. 2. Alice Paul – A Quaker social worker, led the National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA) protests in Washington, D.C. in 1913. Alice Paul’s strategy to use protests to force suffrage alarmed many. Alice Paul

  13. 3. 19th Amendment – Gave women the right to vote (1920). Governor Edwin P. Morrow signing Kentucky resolution ratifying 19th Amendment.

  14. Congresswoman Jeannette Rankin of Montana"I believe that the first vote I cast was the most significant vote and a most significant act on the part of women, because women are going to have to stop war. I felt at the time that the first woman [in Congress] should take the first stand, that the first time the first woman had a chance to say no to war she should say it." quoted in Jeannette Ranking: First Lady of Congress A lifelong pacifist, she was one of fifty to vote against the U.S. to enter into WW I (vote after only 4 days in office) and the only member of Congress to vote against entry into WWII. Additionally, she led resistance to the Vietnam War. She’s the only woman elected to Congress from Montana. Member of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Montana's 2nd and 1st district. In officefrom 1917-1919 (2nd district) and 1941-1943 (1st district).

  15. C. Social Welfare Progressives worked to improve societal conditions. 1. Passed limits on child labor: max hours of work & mandatory education. • In 1900, over 1.7 million children under 16 worked outside the home; often monotonous and unhealthy conditions. • Muckraker John Spargo’s 1906 book The Bitter Cry of the Children told of the child labor conditions where thousands of “breaker boys” were hired at age 9 or 10 to pick slag out of coal and were paid 60¢ for a 10-hour day; The work bent their backs and permanently crippled their hands. • By early 1900’s, new wealth from industry enabled families to survive without children working; child labor laws meant more women went to work instead.

  16. 2. Health & Safety Codes – Passed strict building codes dealing w/ fire hazards, unsafe machinery, & working conditions. a) Triangle Shirtwaist Company – 150 women died in fire (locked doors from outside). The Triangle Shirtwaist Comp in NYC • Early 1900’s, thousands of people died or were seriously injured on the job but received little compensation. • 1911, a fire swept through the triangle Shirtwaist Company in NYC killing 150 women workers due to doors locked form the outside. • Progressives joined union leaders to pressure state’s for worker’s compensation laws, establishing insurance funds financed by employers. •  Also helped pass zoning laws as a method of protecting the public.

  17. D. Progressives vs. Big Business. •  Another group of Progressives tried to regulate big business. • Concerned that too much wealth was concentrated in the hands of only a few; Concerned about trusts and holding companies (giant corporations that dominated many industries). • Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) created in 1887 for a gov’t agency to regulate big business.

  18. 1. Socialism – The gov’t owns & operates an industry (business) for the community. Eugene Debs, Socialist Party • Socialists advocated the federal gov’t buying utilities that affect everyone like railroads, utilities, and factories (means of production). • Socialist Party candidates Eugene Debs and Emil Seidel received nearly 1 million votes in the 1912 presidential election. • Congress passed a number of bills to regulate the economy under Roosevelt, Taft, & Wilson.

  19. Sec. II. Roosevelt in Office (1901-1909). A. First progressive president. Teddy Roosevelt Theodore believed in progressive ideals for the nation and took on big business; Expanded the power of gov’t by passing several acts regulating meat inspection, food and drugs, and conservation of the environment.

  20.  Roosevelt known as “Teddy” and nicknamed “Trustbuster.”  Took office at age 42, the youngest president ever, and very competitive.

  21. 1. Square Deal – Reform programs. “I shall see to it that every man has a square deal, no less and no more.” -- Theodore Roosevelt, 1904 1912 political cartoon satirizing Roosevelt’s Square Deal. • In Int’l affairs, he was a Social Darwinist, believing the U.S. was in competition with other countries and that only the fittest would survive. • Domestically, however, he firmly believed that gov’t should actively balance the needs of competing groups in American society.

  22. 2. Arbitration – Settlement imposed by an outside party. • During the Coal Strike of 1902, Roosevelt urged the union and owners to accept arbitration. • The union agreed but the owners didn’t. After he threatened the Army to run the mine, the met, establishing the federal gov’t as a broker between powerful groups in society.

  23. 3. Consumer Protection. a) Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle (1906) – Appalling conditions in Chicago’s meatpacking industry.  Roosevelt and Congress responded in 1906 with the Meat Inspection Act requiring meat inspections and set standards for meatpacking.  Same day (1906), passed The Pure Food and Drug Act prohibiting the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure or falsely labeled food and drugs.  Worked to break-up trusts.

  24. b) Led to the Meat Inspection Act and the F.D.A. The Jungle (1906) is a novel by American author and socialist Upton Sinclair. It describes the life of a family of Lithuanian immigrants working in Chicago's Union Stock Yards at the beginning of the 20th century. It depicts in harsh tones the poverty, complete absence of social security, scandalous living and working conditions, and utter hopelessness of the lower class. The novel is also an important example of the "muckraking“ tradition begun by journalists.

  25. Upton Sinclair's account of workers falling into meat processing tanks and being ground, along with animal parts, into "Durham's Pure Leaf Lard", gripped public attention. The morbidity of the working conditions as well as the exploitation of children and women alike that Sinclair exposed, showed the corruption taking place inside the meat packing factories. Chicago meatpacking plant workers, 1905 Disassembly line, Chicago meatpacking plant

  26. A meat processing plant in 1906, the year Upton Sinclair wrote "The Jungle." Foreign sales of American meat fell by one-half. In order to calm public outrage and demonstrate the cleanliness of their meat, the major meat packers lobbied the Federal government to pass legislation paying for additional inspection and certification of meat packaged in the United States. Their efforts, coupled with the public outcry, led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, which established the Food and Drug Administration.

  27. 4. Conservation – Saving the environment (most famous issue). •  Teddy was an outdoorsman; Concerned with rate of using natural resources. • 1902, Newlands Reclamation Act w/ money from public land sales for large scale irrigation and land development projects; transformed the West’s landscape and economy. •  Added over 100 mill acres to protected national forests (quadrupling their area). •  Established 5 national parks; 51 federal wildlife reservations; 150 national forests.

  28. Sec. III. The Taft Administration. Like many Progressives, Taft believed high tariffs limited competition, hurt competition, and protected trusts. William Howard Taft Succeeded Roosevelt (his Vice-President) and elected to continue his policies (1908), but had difficulties with tariffs & conservation issues.

  29. Taft on horseback Roosevelt Opposites: Roosevelt was charismatic, quick acting and deciding, had big ideas and left details to others, loved the spotlight and rough-n-tumble politics, Taft was the exact opposite.

  30. A. Children’s Bureau – Federal agency established to investigate and publicize problems with child labor. • Republicans lost control of Congress and the presidency over Taft’s secretary of the interior appointment, Richard Ballinger, accused of making 1 million acres of public forest and mineral reserves in Alaska available for private development and profit.

  31. B. 1912 election – Roosevelt’s third party “Bull Moose.”  Roosevelt jumped in the 1912 election because he felt Taft failed to live up to the Progressive ideals.  “My hat is in the ring.” The fight is on!”  Declared himself “fit as a bull moose.” Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull Moose Party. Taft was from Ohio, but many supported Roosevelt’s progressive ideas.

  32. Elected in 1912 (a year before WWI starts in Europe) due to Republican split over Taft & Roosevelt (as independent). Sec. IV. The Wilson Years. Woodrow Wilson, 1912  Progressive Democrat from New Jersey (first Democrat in White House since Cleveland’s election in 1892).  Woodrow Wilson sent marines into several Latin American countries to set-up stable democratic government in Latin America.

  33. A. Organizations. 1. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) by W.E.B. Du Bois and 28 others in 1909. 2. Anti-Defamation League (ADL) for Jews. W.E.B. Du Bois and Mary Church Terrell, two of the founding members of the NAACP

  34. B. Legacy of Progressivism – Changed the people’s view on the role of gov’t. • Americans now expected the (federal) gov’t to play an active role in regulating the economy and solving social problems.  Progressives did fall short on solving racial discrimination though.

  35. ACTIVITY In groups of two, create a Flow Chart on the causes and effects of Progressivism. ► List all the important people, dates, events, and issues!! ► Use larger poster paper (I have it).

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