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THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT 1890-1919 Chapter 13

THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT 1890-1919 Chapter 13. Industrialization changed American society…. Cities were crowded with new immigrants, working conditions were often bad, and the old political system was breaking down. These conditions gave rise to the Progressive movement.

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THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT 1890-1919 Chapter 13

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  1. THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT 1890-1919 Chapter 13

  2. Industrialization changed American society…. Cities were crowded with new immigrants, working conditions were often bad, and the old political system was breaking down. These conditions gave rise to the Progressive movement. Progressives campaigned for both political and social reforms for more than two decades and enjoyed significant successes at the local, state, and national levels.

  3. Roots of Progressivism The Rise of Progressivism A. Who were the Progressives? 1. People with different ideas & activities who wanted to reformUS society. 2. Believed industrialism & urbanization had created social problems. 3. From bothmajor political parties. 4. Usually urban, educated, and middle-class. 5. Usually journalists, social workers, educators, politicians, or clergy.

  4. B. Beginning of Progressivism 1. Reaction against laissez-faire economy 2. Belief that government must be fixed before other problems could be fixed. 3. Progressives had faith in science & technology; thought those could be used to fix society's problems. C. Muckrakers 1. Journalists who investigated social problems & political corruption

  5. 2. Ida Tarbell - wrote articles critical of Standard Oil Co. 3. Lincoln Steffen - wrote about urban political machines. Ida Tarbell Lincoln Steffen

  6. 4. Jacob Riis a. Wrote How the Other Half Lives b. Described poverty, disease, crime in NY City immigrant neighborhoods. 5. Result of muckrakers: voters put pressure on politicians to introduce reform legislation. Jacob Riis

  7. Photographs by Jacob Riis

  8. City Government Reforms • A. Scientific management - Frederick Taylor • 1. Believed companies could be more • efficient by managing time, breaking tasks • into small parts, & using standardized tools • 2. "Taylorism" or "Taylor System." • B. Progressives & Taylor’s theory for city gov't: • * Commission plan • a. Divide city gov’t into several departments, • each under an expert commissioner • b. Hire a city manager (city services expert) & hire department specialists.

  9. c. Galveston, Tx – first to adopt commission system after huge hurricane in 1900. Galveston, Tx after the 1900 hurricane

  10. III. State Government Reform A. First - Wisconsin Idea * Robert La Follette – governor who wanted the people, not political bosses, to select candidates to run in the general election. * Led to the directprimary.

  11. B. Other states followed La Follette’s ideas 1. Initiative - citizens could introduce legislation; state legislatures would then be required to vote on it. 2. Referendum a. Legislature introduces legislation. b. Votersdecide whether to pass it. 3. Recall - voters could demand a special election to remove an elected official before his term was up (kick him out of office).

  12. C. Direct election of senators 1. Originally, the Constitution called for senators to be elected by state legislatures. 2. 1913 - 17th Amendment was ratified; senators were now elected directly by voters.

  13. SuffrageMovement – Right to Vote for Women A. Early problems 1. Slow start - women suffragists were accused of being unfeminine & immoral. 2. Civil War Era – focus on abolition of slavery 3. 14th & 15th Amendments concentrated only on African- Americans, not women.

  14. B. Support for women's vote grew. 1. Women lobbied lawmakers. 2. Marches 3. Public speeches 4. Alice Paul organized Washington protest march to force Pres. Wilson to act! 5. Carrie Chapman Catt – nationwide push!! Alice Paul Carrie Chapman Catt

  15. Women’s Suffrage Movement C. 19th Amendment - 1920 - Women’s vote went into effect.

  16. Social Welfare Progressivism • A. Child labor • 1. 1900 - 1.7 million under age • 16 worked. • 2. Dangerous, unhealthy • 3. Muckrakers publicized the • problem. • 4. States began to pass laws: • a. Minimum age for working. • b. Maximum hours to make kids work. • c. Compulsory education laws.

  17. B. Health & safety codes 1. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire (NYC) - 1911. a. 146 women workers died; many jumped to their deaths. b. NYC passed strict building codes dealing with fire hazards, and unsafe working conditions.

  18. 2. Workers compensation laws passed a. Insurance funds financed by employers. b. Injured workers receive $$$. 3. Zoning laws- regulated how businesses & land could be used. 4. Building codes- for safe & healthy buildings (ex: fire escapes) 5. Health codes (ex: clean restaurants)

  19. C. Prohibition movement 1. Temperance - moderation/ elimination of alcohol. 2. Mostly women-led. 3. Women’s Christian Temperance Union. 4. Anti-Saloon League 5. Later emphasis more on prohibition- laws banning manufacture, sale, consumption.

  20. Progressives vs. Big Business * Belief that wealth was concentrated in hands of too few people; esp.trusts (giant corporations that dominated entire industries) 1. Some wanted to “bust up” trusts 2. Others wanted government to regulate big business. 3. Some advocated socialism – idea that government should own and operate business (ex: Eugene Debs and the American Socialist Party)

  21. TEDDY ROOSEVELT

  22. The Theodore Roosevelt Administration TR’s Beliefs A. Social Darwinist in international affairs; believed that US was in competition with other nations and must be the “fittest.” B. Progressive in domestic affairs – believed that government should balance the needs of different American groups.

  23. C. TR’s Square Deal 1. Name that TR gave to his reform programs. 2. “Every man must get an equal shot at the American dream.”

  24. D. TR & Big Business 1. TR was called a “trustbuster.” * Ordered his attorney general to file lawsuits under the Sherman Anti-trust Act.

  25. 2. Coal strike of 1902 a. United Mine Workers (union) called a strike for150,000 workers. b. Coal prices rose. c. TR urged the parties into arbitration (settlement by a third party); threatened to use army to run mines; owners gave in. gave in. d. Something new: US government used to broker deal between powerful groups in society.

  26. E. More of TR’s progressivism 1. Dept. of Commerce & Labor- formed to regulate business & working conditions. 2. HepburnAct a. To strengthen Interstate Commerce Commission …BUT… b. By 1920, the ICC had become more interested in protecting the RR’s profits.

  27. II. TR’s Social Welfare Action ** Problems & Solutions A. Medicines that were fake or harmful to consumers; need better labeling. B. Food supply 1. Dangerous preservatives in meat. 2. Upton Sinclair - wrote The Jungle- about horrible conditions in Chicago’s slaughterhouses. Upton Sinclair

  28. C. Results 1. Pure Food & Drug Act 2. Meat InspectionAct

  29. Conservation- Protection of Natural Resources • ** Most important part of TR’s first term. • 1. Reclamation Act - used federal funds to buy • up and protect public lands (esp. in the West) • 2. Gifford Pinchot • a. Head of US Forest Service • b. Regulation of lumber • companies on federal land. • c. National parks & wildlife • preserves were set aside. Gifford Pinchot

  30. d. Yellowstone - first national park. Yellowstone - the nation’s first national park. TR created 16 national monuments, 51 wildlife refuges, and 5 new national parks

  31. Naturalist John Muir founded the Sierra Club and helped to convince TR to create Yosemite National Park.

  32. William Howard taft

  33. The Taft Administration Taft Becomes President A. Hand-picked by TR as his successor. B. Hated politics C. Looked at issues from a strictly legal standpoint. D. Not as personable as TR. E. Angered progressives (they thought he wasn’t doing enough). F. Payne-Aldrich Tariff – pro-business tariff; progressives were angry!

  34. Pres. Taft weighed approximately 350 lbs. He had to have a custom-made bathtub for the White House.

  35. II. Taft’s Progressive Reforms A. TR was called “trustbuster,” but Taft actually filed more lawsuits against big business than TR did. B. Created the Children’s Bureau to help protect America’s children. C. Mann-Elkins Act – increased power of ICC D. Conservation – Taft actually stronger than TR had been 1. Regulated mining companies. 2. More new national forests. 3. Protected waterpower sites.

  36. E. TR was angry at Taft; thought he was not following TR’s programs; publicly criticized his old friend. "TR" vs. "Bill"

  37. WOODROW WILSON

  38. The Wilson Administration Election of 1912 A. GOP splits 1. Conservative GOPs for Taft. 2. Progressive GOPs for TR 3. Taft’s supporters had more votes at the National GOP convention, so he received the Republican nomination.

  39. 3. TR leaves the GOP, forms the Progressive Party, aka the Bull Moose Party (TR said he was “strong as a bull moose” and ready to run for President again.)

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