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Bone Fractures and Articulations

Learn about bone fractures, reduction techniques, joint types, arthritis, and more, including developmental aspects and surface anatomy.

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Bone Fractures and Articulations

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  1. Bone Fractures and Articulations Bone fractures

  2. Bone Fractures (Breaks) • Youth increase traumas, twists, and smashes with old age bone weakens and risk of fractures increase. • Closed Reductions • Bones ends are coaxed into position by physicians’ hands.

  3. Open Vs. Closed • Open Reductions • Surgery with pins and wires hold bone ends together • * Reductions realignment of bone ends • *See Figure 7A pg. 136 • Immobilized------- by ­­­­­cast or traction • * Simple fractures heal in 6-8 weeks. • Sports injuries

  4. Joints (a.k.a_Articulations_) where two bones come together; * give mobility A) 3 types of Joints • 1. Synarthosis- immovable ex. Sutures in skull • 2. Amphiarthosis- slightly movable; connected by a cartilage disk ex. Pubic bones, intervertebral joints

  5. More types of Joints 3. Diarthrosis- freely movable a. nonaxial- ex. carpals b. uniaxial – move in 1 plane ex. hinge joints- elbow pivot - radius /ulna c. biaxial_- 2 planes ex. Saddle joint- thumb d. multiaxial- all planes ex. Ball-n-socket joints- shoulder /hip

  6. B) Four Features of Diarthoses joints a. articular cartilage covers ends of bones b. Fibrous articular capsule c. Joint cavity (space) with synovial fluid (synovial joints) d. reinforcing ligaments • C) Dislocation = bone is forced out of its normal position in the cavity

  7. D) Inflammatory Disorders of Joints 1. Bursitis = water on the knee 2. Sprains= ligaments or tendons are damaged by exercise or stretching, or are torn away from the bone; Swelling and pain; Heals slowly because dense fibrous tissue has little blood supply

  8. 3. Arthritis arth = joint -itis = diseaseArthritis ** Most widespread disease in the U.S. ; pain, stiffness and swelling a. Osteoarthritis= most common old age, “wear and tear” over the years, there is a breakdown of cartilage, exposed bone thickens and bone spurs occur, decrease in activity, noisy b. Rheumatoid= chronic inflammatory; 30- 40 yrs; 3x more females than males, hands and feet are symmetrically affected, can flare up occasionally, the immune system destroys its own tissues. May be triggered by a bacteria or virus; Joints thicken, cartilage erodes, scar tissue ossifies (fuses) Rheumatoid

  9. More disorders! • c. Gouty arthritis = “gout”; Uric acid is accumulated in crystals in the joints. Single joint like the big toe. Males, rarely before the age of 20; genetic?, Bones fuse; immobilized • Gout

  10. E) Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton • In youth, spine problems can be treated and corrected by casts, surgery,and diet. 2. Rickets Disease – bones fail to calcify bones, soften and legs bow, caused by a lack of Ca +2 / Vit. D milk 3. Osteoporosis= Loss in bone mass, thin fragile bones in spine, neck and femur. A. Estrogen increases bone density, increase in activity b. poor diet, smoking and lack of exercise are other factors

  11. F) Surface Anatomy 1. Palpation= “touching” 2. * can tell you a lot about skeleton, muscles, vessels etc. ex. * take pulse, give shots, listen for sounds

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