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Musculoskeletal System

Musculoskeletal System. Why is locomotion essential to most organisms? Motile vs. Sessile Get food Move away from harmful things and predators Seek shelter Seek out mates. Skeletons. Humans and other vertebrates have endoskeletons Made of bone and cartilage Can grow along with animal.

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Musculoskeletal System

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  1. Musculoskeletal System

  2. Why is locomotion essential to most organisms? • Motile vs. Sessile • Get food • Move away from harmful things and predators • Seek shelter • Seek out mates

  3. Skeletons • Humans and other vertebrates have endoskeletons • Made of bone and cartilage • Can grow along with animal

  4. Insects and animals like crabs and lobsters have exoskeletons • Made of chitin • Jointed and flexible • Muscles attached from inside • Must be shed periodically for organism to grow larger

  5. Bone • Hard inflexible tissue • Made of living bone cells called osteocytes • Haversian Canals • inner cavities containing blood vessels and nerves

  6. Broken Bones • If bone is broken, osteocytes become active and produce new bone

  7. Bone • Function: • Site of attachment of skeletal muscles • Levers that make body parts move when muscles contract • Protect delicate structures like brain and spinal cord • Storage site for important minerals like calcium • Place where red blood cells and some white blood cells produced

  8. Types of Bones: • Compact bone • Spongy bone • Marrow: • Tissue found in long bones • make RBC, platelets, some types of WBC

  9. Joints • Point where bones meet

  10. Types of Joints • Immovable • Bones tightly fitted together • Ex: skull • Movable • Hinge Joint • Ex: elbow and knee • Pivot Joint • Ex: base of skull • Ball and Socket Joint • Ex: Hip, shoulder • Saddle Joint • Allow Ex: wrists

  11. Cartilage • Found between joints • Found in nose and earlobe

  12. Cartilage • Provides support and flexibility • Allows bones to bend more easily • Cushions bones against impact or pressure

  13. Makes up most of an embryo’s skeleton

  14. Ligaments • Tough elastic fibers • Hold bone to bone at the joints

  15. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VsBJ4oUff10&safe=active

  16. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YyfytTqbgUE&safe=active Types of Muscles

  17. Types of Muscles • Skeletal Muscle (striated) • Voluntary movement, locomotion • Bundles of muscle fibers • Appear striped or “straited” under microscope

  18. Human locomotion is made possible by voluntary contractions of striated muscle. • Muscles operate in pairs: • Flexors: bend limb • Extensors: extend limb

  19. Muscle Contraction • Muscle fibers contain contractile proteins • Require ATP (many mitochondria in muscle)

  20. Types of Muscles • Smooth Muscle (nonstriated) • Involuntary • Controlled by autonomic nervous system • Found in: • walls of digestive organs blood vessels, bladder

  21. Types of Muscles • Cardiac Muscle • Found in heart • Involuntary • Cells contract together as a unit

  22. Tendons • Inelastic connective tissue • Attaches muscle to bone

  23. Disorders of Muscular/Skeletal System • Tendonitis • Inflammation of connective tissue called tendons that connect muscles to joints

  24. Arthritis • Inflammation of the joints • Deterioration of cartilage

  25. Osteoporosis: • loss of bone due to calcium deficiencies

  26. Locomotion in Animals • Protists • Pseudopods (amoeba) • Cilia (paramecium) and flagella (euglena) • Hydra • Tends to be sessile but can glide along base, do somersault or use tentacles to pull itself

  27. Earthworm • Uses muscles to burrow into soil • Has tiny bristles on each segment (setae) that hook onto earth to help it move http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFpblBf1dfE&safe=active http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Texxu3p7I8&safe=active

  28. Grasshopper • Exoskeleton made of chitin divided into plates that have flexible joints • Muscles attached from the inside • Can walk jump, fly (3 pairs of legs and wings)

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