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The Nation Expands

The Nation Expands. AH1 H.3 “ Expansion and Reform” Understand the factors that led to exploration, settlement, movement, and expansion and their impact on United States development over time The Learner will assess the competing forces of expansionism, nationalism, and sectionalism.

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The Nation Expands

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  1. The Nation Expands AH1 H.3 “Expansion and Reform” Understand the factors that led to exploration, settlement, movement, and expansion and their impact on United States development over time The Learner will assess the competing forces of expansionism, nationalism, and sectionalism.

  2. The Louisiana Purchase • Purchased from France in 1803 • Gave US control of New Orleans, Mississippi River • Doubled size of the country • Paid about $.03/acre

  3. Lewis & Clark Expedition • Jefferson had ordered expedition even before US bought Louisiana Territory • “Corps of Discovery” launched from Pittsburgh in August 1804 • 33 men, 32 of whom survived • Gathered samples of minerals, plants, and animals • Reached Pacific Ocean in December 1805 • Returned to St. Louis in September 1806

  4. Pike Expedition

  5. The Oregon Trail • Lewis & Clark’s and Pike’s expeditions opened the way for American settlers to move to the Pacific coast • Between 1840s and late 1860s, tens of thousands of settlers traveled the Oregon Trail (and others) • Went into disuse once railroads became extensive

  6. Wagon Trains • Sometimes employed guides, sometimes followed guidebooks • Usually no more than 20-40 wagons per train • Covered about 15 miles/day for 5-6 months • Wagons were circled at night to corral animals, not for protection against Indian attacks • Attacks by Native Americans were rare; more trade took place than fighting “Circle the Wagons Boys!”

  7. The Donner Party • 87 people • Took a new, untested route to California • Trapped by winter snows in the Sierra Nevada mountains • 39 starved, rest resorted to cannibalism to survive

  8. From Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico • Same as Oregon Trail in that it was used by settlers in the south west. • Went into disuse once railroads became extensive

  9. The Missouri Compromise (1820) • 1819: Missouri (which allowed slavery) applied for statehood • US was balanced with 11 slave states, 11 free states • US agreed to admit Missouri as a slave state but also admitted Maine as a free state to keep balance • Congress also drew a line through Louisiana Territory – north of the line, no slavery; south of the line would allow slavery • Compromise driven by Henry Clay of Kentucky (War Hawk)

  10. Indian Removal Act (1830) • Pres. Jackson wanted all Indians removed from the east and forced into the Great Plains • Most Native groups relented and moved west, but the Cherokee resisted

  11. Worcester v. Georgia (1832) • Cherokee sued government • Supreme Court agreed that the Cherokee were a separate nation which the US had signed treaties with and were therefore not bound by state law • Pres. Jackson refused to enforce the court’s decision

  12. The Trail of Tears • Forced removal of the Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, and Choctaw nations from the east to the Indian Territory (Oklahoma) • 46,000 Indians moved, thousands died along the way, especially among the Cherokee

  13. Mean while…. Down in Mexico…

  14. Mexican Independence (1821)

  15. Stephen F. Austin • 1793 – 1836 • “Father of Texas” • Arrived in Texas in 1825 with large group of American settlers • Died of pneumonia while serving as first Sec. of State for the independent Republic of Texas

  16. Sam Houston • 1793 – 1863 • Veteran of War of 1812 • Led Texan army in fighting for independence from Mexico • 2 time President of Republic of Texas, later US Senator and Gov. of state of Texas • City of Houston named after him

  17. War of Texan Independence (1835-6) • Settlers angered over Mexico’s efforts to discourage further Americans from moving to Texas and high tariffs placed on goods imported from US

  18. Battle of the Alamo • Feb. 1836 • Around 200 Texans held off 6000 Mexican soldiers for 13 days before being wiped out – Mexican Gen. Santa Anna ordered no prisoners be taken • “Remember the Alamo!” becomes Texans battle cry

  19. The Republic of Texas • “The Lone Star Republic” • 1836 – 1845 • Texans voted to ask to join US, but northern states blocked the move to avoid adding more territory where slavery was allowed • The US recognized Texas as a nation separate from Mexico

  20. Election of 1844 • Whig Party: Henry Clay • Democratic Party: James K. Polk • Polk promised to annex Texas, but balance it by also annexing the Oregon Territory in the north; he also promised to try to buy California from Mexico • Polk won… and kept his promises.

  21. James K. Polk • 1795 – 1849 • 11th President • Born in NC, UNC grad • Promised to serve only 1 term, and kept his promise • Would successfully add Oregon Territory, Texas, California, and the Southwest to US • Died of cholera only 3 months after leaving office

  22. “Manifest Destiny” • Term coined by magazine editor John Louis O’Sullivan in 1845 • Idea that Americans had been given North America by God, who wanted them to settle it all and push out Indians, Mexicans

  23. Manifest Destiny John Gast, American Progress, 1872

  24. 54-40 or Fight!

  25. Oregon Territory • First settlers arrived in the 1830s • Oregon Trail well-established by 1841 • 1846: Territory officially became part of US after the Oregon Treaty ended the border dispute between US and Britain • 1853: Territory split into the Oregon and Washington Territories • 1859: Oregon admitted to Union as a free state

  26. Annexation of Oregon • Britain and US peacefully resolved their dispute over where the boundary should lie between US and Canada in the Oregon Territory, splitting the region along the 49th parallel. • 1853: Territory split into the Oregon and Washington Territories • 1859: Oregon admitted to Union as a free state

  27. Texas annexed • 1845: Texas admitted to the Union as a slave state • Mexico furious, broke off diplomatic relations with US • Dispute arose over where the southern border was between Texas and Mexico

  28. Polk tries to buy California • Polk sent an envoy, John Slidell, to Mexico City with an offer to purchase California • Mexicans refused to even meet with Slidell • All chances of a peaceful exchange died, US would go to war with Mexico

  29. The Mexican War (1846-48) • “Mr. Polk’s War” • Polk ordered US troops under Zachary Taylor (aka “Old Rough and Ready”) to secure the Texas border • Mexico considered this an act of war, attacked US force • May 13, 1846: US declared war on Mexico

  30. The Mexican War (1846-48)

  31. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo • Feb. 1848 • Mexico surrendered after US forces led by Winfield Scott (aka “Old Fuss and Feathers”) captured Mexico City • Ended the Mexican War • Mexico ceded 500,000 sq. miles of territory (California, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico) • Mexico accepted Rio Grande as southern border of Texas • In return, US paid Mexico $15 million and assumed $3.25 million in debts Mexico owed to US citizens

  32. Mexican cession

  33. Wilmot Proviso • Proposal by Rep. David Wilmot that slavery not be allowed in any territories gained by the US from Mexico • Angered southerners, reopened slavery argument • Failed to pass the Senate

  34. California • John Sutter granted 50,000 acres by Mexican government in 1839, established settlement of Sutter’s Fort, the first American settlement in Spanish California • “Purchased” from Mexico at the end of the Mexican War (as part of the Mexican Cession) in 1848 • Discovery of gold later that year would lead to a rush of American settlers • Became a state in 1850 as part of the Compromise of 1850

  35. Gold Rushes • California in 1849 • Pikes Peak in 1858 • Arizona, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming in 1860s • Triggered surges of settlers (mostly single, young men) looking to get rich quick in these states

  36. ’49ers & Sutter’s Mill • After discovery of gold at Sutter’s Mill, over 300,000 gold-seekers called “49ers” flooded into California • Led to rise of San Francisco as a major city, but also to tensions with Native Americans and environmental destruction

  37. The Comstock Lode • Major silver vein discovered by Henry Comstock in 1859 • Virginia City, NV went from zero to pop of 30,000 then crashed when the lode ran out in 1898 (today, pop. = about 1500) • Comstock himself traded away his fortune and later committed suicide

  38. Mining Lures Settlers • Colorado – Silver (over $1 billion, led to development of Denver) • Dakotas – gold in the Black Hills • Montana – copper • Created “boom and bust” cycles where towns would be built in a short period of time and then abandoned (ghost towns) when the mines were exhausted

  39. Compromise of 1850 • If California joined as a free state, the balance in Congress would be upset • Henry Clay of KY proposed a series of compromises between North and South that would allow California to become a state • Plan was opposed by John C. Calhoun of SC, but backed by Daniel Webster of MA

  40. Compromise of 1850 • Northerners got: • California admitted as a free state • New Mexico won territory from Texas, limiting Texas’ size • Slave trade in Washington DC banned • Southerners got: • “popular sovereignty”: each future state would get to decide for itself on slavery • Texas’ debts to southerners would be paid by US Government • Slave ownership in Washington DC remained legal • Congress not allowed to interfere in domestic slave trade • Strong Fugitive slave laws allowed southerners to recover runaway slaves in the north

  41. Gadsden Purchase • 1853: US purchases 30,000 sq. mile strip of Mexico for $10 million • Land was needed to build a southern transcontinental railroad from New Orleans to California

  42. What next???

  43. Growth continues throughout the Civil War… • Life out west… • Role of Immigrants • Role of Women • Role of African Americans • Technology and Westward Expansion

  44. Sod Houses • Life was difficult • No trees for wood, so houses were built from sod – bricks of tough grass; burned sod and dried dung • Little surface water, so settlers had to drill deep wells (300 ft+) • Summer = 100° +, winter = 0° or less • Prairie fires, swarms of grasshoppers, tornadoes, blizzards, thunderstorms

  45. Pre-emption Acts of 1830 & 1841 • Many settlers who went west just picked a spot and built a farm – they did not have any legal claim to the land; this is called “squatting” • The Pre-emption Acts protected squatters by guaranteeing them the right to claim land before it was surveyed by the US government (who technically owned all public land) and buy up to 160 acres for $1.25/acre

  46. Homestead Act • 1862 • $10 fee laid claim to 160 acres of public land; occupant received title after living there for 5 years • Anyone could file a claim, except former Confederates! • 1.6 million homesteads were awarded

  47. Morrill Land-Grant Act • 1862 • States were awarded 30,000 acres of federal land for each member of the state’s Congressional delegation • States could use or sell that land to fund the creation of colleges which would teach agricultural and military skills • Colleges started under the Morrill Act include Auburn, UConn, Florida, Georgia, Purdue, Iowa St., Kansas St., Kentucky, LSU, Maryland, MIT, Michigan State, Nebraska, Ohio St., Penn St., Clemson, Tennessee, Va. Tech, & NCSU

  48. Oklahoma Land Rush • As available land in the west began to disappear, pressure built to open the Indian Territory (Oklahoma) to settlers • 1889: Congress agreed to open the Territory to white settlers • April 22, 1889: Thousands gathered on the border to race to claim a share of 2 million acres; some (called “Sooners”) snuck into the territory early to claim the best lands

  49. Women in the West • Outnumbered by men, so they had more opportunities • Could own property & businesses, became influential community leaders • Most were farmwives • Some worked as cooks or laundresses • Some worked at “hurdy-gurdy” houses • A few were adventurers, such as Annie Oakley and Calamity Jane Burke

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