Biochemistry I BCM201

1. Zatilfarihiah Rasdi Biochemistry I BCM201 Chapter 1: An Introduction to Biochemistry

2. Upon completion of this course, students should be able to: • Define the basic constituents of macromolecules (carbohydrates, a. acids, lipids, nucleic acids) and enzymes • Describe the classification, structure and functions of macromolecules and enzymes • Explain and identify the basic energy generated processes • Demonstrate the ability to conduct basic biochemical laboratory test • Verbally and in writing, discuss and report to peers the scientific investigations and data interpretation Objectives

3. Assessment • Tests - 30% • Lab reports/assign.- 10% • Final exam. - 50% Lecture (DFT): 2hrs/week • Friday : 10.10 am – 12.00 pm • Venue: BK5 Practical: 3hrs/week • Friday: 3.10 – 6.00 pm • Venue: M. Biokimia Credit hours: 3

4. Lesson plan

5. Reference Lab class • Colorimetric tests for carbohydrates • Chromatography • Saponification value • Acid value • Qualitative tests for amino acid • Tests for proteins • The pH meter • Paper chromatography • Campbell, M.K., and Farrell, S.O. (2009) Biochemistry, 6th ed. Thompson Brooks/Cole • Boyer, R. (2005) Concepts in Biochemistry, 3rd ed. Wiley Additional text • Voet, D.J, Voet, G.V, and Pratt, C.W (2008) Principle of Biochemistry, 3rd ed. Wiley

6. Introduction to biochemistry

7. The study of life at the molecular level • It emerged as a distinct discipline around the beginning of the 20th century when scientists combined chemistry, biology and physiology to investigate the chemistry of living system BIOCHEMISTRY? Goal To describe life’s processes using the language of molecules – applying the principles and methods of chemistry to determine molecular structure from which it is often possible to explain biological function

8. Structural and functional biochemistry • focuses on discovering chemical structures & 3-D arangements of biomolecules • Informational biochemistry • defines language(s) for storing biological data & trnasmitting it in cells and organisms • Bioenergetics • the flow of energy in living organisms and how it transferred from one process to another – study of metabolism

9. lead us to fundamental understanding of life, how organisms store & transfer information, how food digested, how brain cell store information…. Understand the important issues in medicine, health & nutrition – can search cures for HIV, diabetes, recombinant DNA help in find new mutation and new plant Advance biotechnology industries - The application of biological materials to technical useful operation e.g. enzymes in pharmaceutical industry to synthesise complex drugs Why Biochemistry?

11. Field of biochemistry draws many disciplines – allows us to answer questions related to molecular nature of life • Organic chemistry: the study of the compounds of carbon • A biomolecule is a molecule that naturally occurs in living organisms. - biomolecules consists primarily of carbon and hydrogen, along with nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur. - important classes of biomolecules: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids. 1. Biomolecules

13. Living cells include very large molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides and lipids. - biomolecules are polymers (Greek: poly + meros, many + parts) - are derived from monomers (Greek: mono + meros, single + part) a.acids (proteins), nucleotides (nucleic acids), monosaccharides (polysaccharides), glycerol and fatty acids (lipids) Fig. 1-5: Two natural organometallic compounds a) heme, containing a porphyrin ring and iron; b) chlorophyll, containing a porphyrin ring and magnesium

14. Biomolecules • Enzymes: a class of proteins that are biocatalysts - the catalytic effectiveness of an enzyme depends on its amino acid sequence • Genetic code: the relationship between the nucleotide sequence in nucleic acids and the amino acid sequence in proteins – BCM 301

15. Biomolecules • Functional group: an atom/group of atoms that shows characteristic, physical and chemical properties

17. Homopolymers Heteropolymers Fig. 1-6:Types of natural polymers

18. Viruses: consist of a single DNA or RNA molecule wrapped in a protein package • Not considered a life-form • Deemed parasites – unable to carry out metabolism or reproduction without the assistance of host cell • Are the caused of many plants and animals maladies and has resulted in much human suffering • However, an enormous study of biochemistry has been learned from studies of their actions

20. Biochemists and molecular biologists have been interested in learning how biological information is transferred from one generation to another. • DNA, RNA, proteins and even some carbohydrates are information-rich molecules that carry instructions for cellular processes. • Biochemists work with the molecules, cell components and cells in a wide range of sizes. 2. Biological information

21. The Watson and Crick double helix model for DNA showing the stacking of nucleotide bases on the same strand and the hydrogen bonds between complimentary nucleotide bases on opposite strands.

23. Biochemistry is an experimental science. • Before doing experiment, the desired object of study must be separated from its natural surroundings – one tool useful for isolating cells, organelles and biomolecules is centrifuge. • Scientists take advantage of the fact that biochemical entities have different physical characteristics; weight, sizes, densities, and shapes.

24. New biochemical research is showing that obesity not just a consequence of overeating but is often linked to malfunctions in the hormone-controlled systems that regulated energy consumption and body weight.

25. ASSIGNMENT 1 (in group of 4/5) • Biological information flow from DNA RNA Protein. Write about the whole process from replication to translation to protein in 100-200 words. • Discuss the uses of biochemistry in environmental science, gene engineering & cloning and clinical chemistry. THE END