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Telecommunications Essentials

Telecommunications Essentials. Chapter 8 The Internet & IP Infrastructure. Internet Basics. Time to reach 50,000,000 people Telephone – 74 years Internet – 4 years ARPA – 1969 – develops a distributed data network Bomb resistant network Shared computing resources

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Telecommunications Essentials

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  1. Telecommunications Essentials Chapter 8 The Internet & IP Infrastructure

  2. Internet Basics • Time to reach 50,000,000 people • Telephone – 74 years • Internet – 4 years • ARPA – 1969 – develops a distributed data network • Bomb resistant network • Shared computing resources • Developing LANs, paging systems, satellite networks • 1980 – TCP/IP • Cisco

  3. Internet Organizations • No one is in charge • ISOC • An international non-profit organization • Oversees the IETF (designs standards through consensus) • Registry organizations • ARIN, APNIC, RIPE NCC, IANA, ICANN

  4. Internet Structure • An ad hoc internetwork of networks • Uses the IP protocol suite • Uses routers to move packets between networks • Routers operate at OSI Layer 3 • Routers know the address of network segments and the various interconnecting paths

  5. Internet Protocols - IP • Defines the datagram (packet) • Connectionless • Operates at OSI layer 3 • Handles packet forwarding, addressing, error notification • Segments the data to 1500 byte chunks (64000 bytes is allowed but never used)

  6. Internet Protocols - UDP • Adds application multiplexing & checksum to IP • Used for multicasting & VoIP • No error correction (the application must provide error correction)

  7. Internet Protocols - TCP • TCP – Assigns packet and port numbers • Connection oriented • Operates at OSI layer 4 • Sets up virtual circuits, flow control, ACK, retransmission

  8. Port Numbers • 1 – 65,535 • Assigned to user sessions • Socket = port number + IP address • Identify server applications • 21 – FTP • 25 – E-mail • 80 – Web servers Firewalls can use port numbers & IP addresses to control information flow

  9. Other Internet Protocols • ICMP - Used by operating systems to send error messages. Ping - sends ICMP Echo Request to determine delay • IGMP - Manages the membership of Internet Protocolmulticast groups • ARP & RARP – maps between IP and MAC addresses

  10. Network (Routing) Protocols • Used to connect to the service provider • SLIP, PPP • Interior - used within autonomous systems • OSPF • Exterior - used between autonomous systems (service providers) • BGP

  11. Routing Protocols • Distance Vector – each router sends a copy of its routing table to its neighbor • RIP, IXP, RTMP,IGRP • Link State – shares information regarding numbers of hops, line speed, traffic, cost, etc. • OSPF, IS-IS, NLSP • More reliable, easier to debug, less network traffic

  12. ISP Terminology POP – Point of presence GigaPOP NAP – Network access point IXP – Internet exchange point MAE – Metropolitan exchange area Backbone Network NSP – Network service provider Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 3

  13. IPv4 Addressing • 32 Bits long • 2 Parts – Network ID and host ID • 5 Classes • Class A – very large networks (126) • Class B – medium sized networks (16,384) • Class C – small to mid size business (2,097,152 each of which can have 254 hosts) • Class D – multicast or mbone • Class E – experimental CIDR – Allows blocks of addresses to be grouped together in routing tables

  14. IPv6 Addressing • 128 bits long • 2 Parts - 64 bits network ID, 64 bits host ID • Uses hexadecimal notation • Advantages • Improved routing efficiency • QoS capabilities • Better security mechanisms • Deployment • Not widely used in the US • Required in Japan & far east (3G wireless phones) • Moonv6 largest multivendor IPv6 network

  15. DNS & TLD Translates host names to IP addresses Local name server – in a company or ISP Domain name resolvers – local computers duplicating root domain servers Root domain servers - 13

  16. IP QoS • Present System • Best Effort – no guarantees • QoS Parameters: • Latency • Jitter • Loss • Sequencing • Errors • Needed for real-time traffic • VoIP • Video • Interactive applications • QoS Mechanisms • Classification (different kinds of packets) • Conditioning (traffic shaping) • Queue management (RED) • Queue scheduling (prioritizing) • Queuing Mechanisms • Fair queuing • Weighted fair queuing • Weighted round robin • Deficit round robin

  17. IP QoS • DiffServ – Differentiated services • Header flags set hop behaviors • Defines latency, and jitter • IntServ - Integrated services • Uses RSVP to reserve bandwidth • Not practical on the internet • RSVP-TE used on MPLS • NSIS – Next steps in signaling

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