Gunpowder Empires

1. Gunpowder Empires 1450-1750

2. Muslim Empires • Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal • Emerged from central steppe nomads • All had Absolute monarchs who modeled their courts after early Islamic empires

3. Gunpowder Empires • 1450-1750, rise of sea-based power in Europe • Empires in Middle East and Asia continued to rely on roads, armies, and inland urban areas for military and economic influence • Made use of guns, muskets, cannons • *Ottomans also had a large navy and dominated Med. Sea • Gunpowder Empires: Russia, Ottoman*, Safavid*, Mughal*, Ming and Qing China, and Tokugawa Japan • *Muslim empires that represent the height of Muslim political and military power

5. Ottoman Empire • Named for founder Osman, they were given land in Anatolia by the Seljuk Turks in return for aid against the Mongols • Lasted from 13th C. to 1922, peak in 16th C. • Expanded due to weakening of Byzantine Empire, 1453 captured Constantinople after a seige and renamed it Istanbul • Important Muslim center, Hagia Sophia turned into a mosque (Justinian cried a little) • Reached height under Suleiman (the Magnificent or the Lawgiver) Suleiman

6. Political Characteristics • Sultans were both political and military leaders • Large bureaucracy centered in Istanbul • Vizier: assistant to sultan, head of bureaucracy • warrior aristocrats controlling areas of empire • Devshirme System • Required Christians to pay tribute in the form of boys • Special training, learned Turkish, Converted to Islam; became either bureaucrats or soldiers: Janissaries • Given control of guns and heavy artillery, eventually had a say in government • Eventually Janissaries and Viziers gained so much power that they challenged authority of Sultans • No clear succession laws, sons often warred with each other when Sultan died Janissaries

7. Economic Challenges • Istanbul center of trade (just like Constantinople before it) • Mid-17th century, economic decline • Empire too large • Increasing corruption and heavy taxes • Peasant revolts • Inflation due to large amounts of New World silver (Ottomans had set rate for silver, when Europeans brought new world silver in, their silver cost less so they could buy more)

8. Social Characteristics • Majority Sunni (*Know this) • Expanded into Egypt, Europe, Caucasus: large number of Christians and Jews • Sultans supported public works, religious scholars, artisans, poets, architects, schools, hospitals, Mosques, etc… • Large number of merchants and artisans with guilds • Relations with Europe (or lack thereof) • Saw Europeans as backwards and marginal, their culture superior: Led them to ignore major changes Europe was bringing to the world • ex. Ignored Printing press, could not print arabic-corrupting to holy language • Lost control of Med. To Phillip II of Spain in 1571, never again would dominate, also lost control of many ports in Indian Ocean to Portuguese

9. Safavid Empire • Turkish nomads, Shi’ite • Believed that descendants of Ali should be the heir to Islam: Imam • 12th imam disappeared as a child, Safavids believed an Imam would return the “Hidden Imam” • Did not have a united political base • 16th C. united under Ismail • Declared ruler was a stand-in until the Hidden Imam returned • Safavids and Ottomans fought often, due to religious differences • Battles between the two set limits of Shi’ite expansion: In modern day Iran and Iraq surrounded by Sunni countries Shah Ismail uniting Safavids by force

10. Politics, Economics, and Culture • Politics: • Reached Peak under Shah Abbas I • Similar to Janissaries, Russian boys were captured, converted, and used as soldiers • Brought in European advisors for technical knowledge (they were infidels, but beating Sunni more important) • Turkish chiefs became warrior nobility and supervised their lands (like Ottomans) • Economics: • Promoted trade, capital Isfahan (far inland, so less cultural diversity) • Guilds, silk industry, Rug/carpet industry (most important) • Also influenced by inflation of silver • Culture: • Mixture of Turkish and Persian traditions; but much of culture built on ancient Persia Court of Shah Abbas I at Isfahan

11. Mughal Empire • India controlled by Muslim Delhi sultanate (from 13th C.) • Tendency of India to fragment, people primarily Hindu • 1583 India taken by Babur; founded Mughal Empire • Mixture of Mongol and Turkish people from Asia • Dominated India until 17oos, but ruled in name until 1858 • Empire extended under grandson, Akbar • Empire reached height and power

12. Political Characteristics • Military power based on land (no navy) • Goal of spreading Islam-although some rulers were more tolerant, such as Akbar • Succession was a problem like Safavid • Akbar • incorporated many Hindu Rajas into positions in military and bureaucracy to ease tensions • Encouraged marriage between Mughals and Hindu • Abolished Jizra-head tax on non-Muslims • Taxes based on each regions potential for wealth • Ended ban on building of Hindu temples, made Muslims respect cows • Laws lasted through his successors to Aurangzeb Jesuits at Akbar’s Court

13. More Rulers • Jahangir and Shah Jahan • Patrons of the arts esp. miniatures • Built mosques, tombs, schools, palaces • Most famous TajMahal, built by Shah Jahan for his wife • Less interest in conquest and politics • Large court library (begun by Akbar who was illiterate, but lived to have books read to him) • Both love of pleasure: politics, economics, and military issues neglected • Aurangzeb succeeded them and tried to restore empire • Also tried to rid subcontinent of all religions but Islam=lots of resentment • Conquered more land, but spent all money • Local leaders plotted against him • Ended Akbar’s reforms • At his death, empire was at its largest, but VERY unstable=Europeans perched ready to take advantage Most Devoted husband EVER!!

14. Economics and Society • Trade network based on cotton, indigo, and silk • By 17th C. much trade with Europeans • No navy, so merchant ships privately owned, many ships owned by Portuguese and Dutch • Religion • Continued conflicts between Hindu and Muslims • Akbar attempted to create “Divine Faith” blend of Islam, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Hindu and Sikh beliefs-did not last after his death • Nanuk (1469-1539): At first tried to reconcile Hinduism and Islam, then became 1st guru of new faith: Sikhism Nanuk, Sikh Guru

15. Women in the Muslim empires • Patriarchal, seclusion for women, veiled • Unequal politically, socially and economically • Some wives of rulers were able to gain power • Political power: Harem intrigue • In Mughal: • Child marriage common • Practice of Sati (Akbar and Shah Jahan both outlawed)

16. Ming and Qing Dynasties 1368-1912

17. Europe in SE Asia • Asia generally thought of Europe (or didn’t think of it) as backwards, but Europe was beginning to be felt globally by the 17th and 18th centuries • SE Asia most affected; Portuguese and Dutch both focused on region • Europeans took over two governments in this region and set up regimes that favored mercantilism • Philippines: Manila became capital of Spanish commerce in Asia • Indonesia: Dutch set up trading center in Java • China, Japan, and Korea much more resistant to Europeans Dutch Map of Batvia, the trading capital of Java

18. End of Yuan Swag. • Rulers after Kublai Khan weak and plagued with corruption • Scholar-gentry began encouraging rebellion against “barbarian” oppressors” • Banditry widespread in countryside while piracy major problem on seas • China fell into chaos • Power was grabbed by a peasant: JuYuanzhangwho would begin Ming (“Brilliant”) Dynasty and change his name to Hongwu

19. Early Ming Dynasty • Overthrew Mongols in 1368 • Hongwu, first Ming emperor • Goal to remove all traces of Mongol rule • Established government based on traditional dynasties • Revived Confucian education and Civil Service Exams • Centralized government at new capital: Nanjing • Ming rulers insisted on absolute obedience and were suspicious of non-Chinese • Government used emissaries called Mandarins to make sure orders followed in outlying regions • Relied on eunuchs for governmental service (did not have families to challenge rule) Eunuchs from the Qing Dynasty

20. More Ming • At first tried to spread power and hegemony by sailing throughout SE Asia and Indian Ocean • Zheng-he, Muslim Eunuch, admiral of the huge Ming Fleet • Eventually, scholar-gentry afraid of power of eunuchs, destroyed fleet and stressed traditional culture • Believed China weakened by contact with others • Cautious of trade with outsiders • Believed that best to model itself on greatness of the past • Repaired irrigation systems, Great Wall, factories, internal trading connections • Promoted Chinese traditions: Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism

21. Later Ming: Politics • Capital returned to Beijing and Forbidden City was built • Housed more than 20,000 people to serve emperor and family • Bureaucracy revived, exams largely unchanged • Large armies with good leaders and organization, but not as technologically advanced as those of the West Map of Forbidden City

22. Later Ming: Economy • Strong commercial activity, greater percentage of merchants than other regions even though merchants still low class • Portuguese traded new world silver for luxury goods, but behavior offended Chinese: only allowed at one port: Macao • Much urban growth • Lagged in technology • Europeans adapting and improving technology • Chinese became more isolated and took little notice of technological advances outside of China

23. Later Ming: Trade • Ethnocentric, did not need much from others • High point in interaction between China and Japan • Shoguns emulated Chinese culture • Both countries plagued by pirates • Trade limited with Europeans except for a few contacts with Dutch and Portuguese • Did tolerate some Christian Missionaries Ming sailors fighting pirates

24. Christian Missionaries • Had come to China before, but Plague and Yuan had disrupted • During Ming, Jesuits came to China • Most famous Matteo Ricci • Italian who hoped to convert the emperor • Knew that Chinese had great respect for learning and refinement and studied Chinese culture, reading, and writing • Also knew that court was interested in European science, technology and mechanical inventions: intrigued Chinese with bronze cannons, cuckoo clocks, and a giant clock that chimed the hours Matteo Ricci showing a clock to the Ming Emperor (The funniest part of this picture is that it is from a cosplay site…who is cosplaying Matteo Ricci???)

25. More Jesuits • Tried to convince emperor of similarities between Confucianism and Christianity • Held services in Chinese, allowed shrines to ancestors; had little success • Pope eventually alarmed at comparisons and ordered priests to follow accepted Christianity • Chinese ordered missionaries to quit preaching • Missionaries weakened, had neither papal or imperial support • Effects • Opened China to European influence • Writings of the Jesuits stimulated an interest in China for Europe

26. Decline of Ming • Central Asian nomads began attacking borders (Again?!?) • Series of weak emperors, corruption, court factions • Peasant rebellions • Northern Manchurians seized China from the north • Named their dynasty the Qing (“Pure”) Dynasty • Symbolic of throwing out bad rulers and returning to traditional Chinese culture • Problem: They were outsiders We’re Back….again…

27. Qing Dynasty1644 - 1911 • Conquered Beijing in 1644 • By the late 18th C., China had reached its largest size in history • Encouraged separation between Manchus and Chinese • Highest posts filled by Manchus • Left scholar-gentry in charge of most bureaucratic positions • Forbid intermarriage • Forced Chinese men to shave front of head and grow a queue • Sign of submission to dynasty “Grrr.”

28. Expansion under Qing

29. Politics • Civil service exams more competitive than ever: district, provincial, and metropolitan levels • State highly centralized with emperor “Son of Heaven” • Secluded, privileged life in Forbidden City • Everyone who came to see emperor had to perform Kowtow (elaborate bow with three separate kneelings) • Rulers • Kangxi (1661-1722) and Qianlong (1736-1795) • Their rule lasted over 130 years • Prosperous, powerful, and wealthy empire • Both Confucian scholars • Kanxi talented military leader • Qianlong’s reign so prosperous that four times he cancelled tax collection 19th C. Kowtow

30. Economic • Prosperity based on agriculture: • Wheat, rice, and millet • Enhanced by crops from New World: Potatoes, maize, peanuts • Led to a rapid rise in population • Eventually population growth would outpace food production • Strengthened by silver • Traded for silk, porcelain, and tea • Greatly aided Chinese economy, unlike Muslim empires

31. Women in Ming • Highly patriarchal, emphasis on Confucianism increased control men had over women • Preference for sons (only they could take exams) • Widows encouraged to commit suicide • Footbinding popular • Could not divorce, but husband could put aside wife for disobedience of adultery

32. Society • Status of scholar-bureaucrats grew • Wore distinctive clothing and treated with deference by people • Below gentry were peasants, artisans and merchants • Merchants still had lowest status • Rich culture: philosophy, literature, history, calligraphy, painting, poetry • Porcelain became major art form: wealthy Europeans desired it along with painted scrolls and screens

33. Last Dynasty Yay! You know them all!!

34. Tokugawa Japan 1603-1867

35. Feudal Japan • 12th -16th Centuries • Feudalistic hierarchies, emperor ruled in name only • Shogun, highest military official, held true power • Local control under territorial lords: Daimyo • Each had own loyal samurai • Pledged allegiance to Shogun, but acted independently • Late 16th C., civil war broke out among several daimyos and several warlords emerged • Most famous was ToyotomiHideyoshi, broke power of warring daimyos and unified Japan in 1590 • Wanted to rule China, Korea, and India • Began attacking Korea, but died before much progress • Unified Japan for the first time in history

36. Tokugawa Shogunate • 1603-1867 • After Hideyoshi, daimyos met under leadership of Tokugawa Ieyasu • Established centralized government in 1603 • Capital was at Edo • Government called Bakufu or “tent government”, implying that it was a holding place for the true emperor • Daimyos still had much power • Tokugawa Shoguns carried out policy: Daimyos had to go to Edo every other year (this meant the Shogun had direct control over 50% always) • Weakened daimyos by • Affecting wealth: they had to maintain two households • Absence from lands meant it was hard to establish a firm power base • Daimyo needed permission to marry or build

37. Economics and Society Edo During Tokugawa Period • Encouraged economic growth because less warring within Japan • Increased agricultural production due to better irrigation, water control, and fertilizer • Rapid population growth • Curbed by birth control, late marriage, abortion, and infanticide • Needed because Japan had limited space

38. Rise of Merchants Japanese Market during the Tokugawa Shogunate • Social hierarchy influenced by Confucianism • Ruling elites: shogun, daimyo, samurai • Middle class: peasants and artisans • Lower class: merchants • As trade flourished merchants began to be wealthier than upper classes • elite’s finances based on agricultural production while the merchant’s based on luxury goods • During times of peace samurai left with little to do and became poorer • Forbidden from entering into any other profession, so many worked for merchants

39. Arts and Learning • Culture shaped by Shintoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism • Elites influenced by Neo-Confucianism, many wrote in Chinese • Tokugawa Shogunate supported Neo-Confucianism • Some scholars emphasized Shinto because it was traditional, felt Neo-Confucianism diluted Japanese culture • Japanese writing less characters than Chinese, so greater literacy • Did have moveable type, urban middle class became literate • Poetry, novels, satires, Kabuki plays were most popular • Urban teahouses, brothels, public baths popular because allowed people to escape from rigid decorum of society Kabuki theater during the Ming

40. Japan and the Europeans • Portuguese in mid-16th C. first to Japan • Followed by traders and missionaries • Wanted pottery, lacquerware, and copper • Missionaries: goal of converting to Roman Catholicism • First tried to convert daimyos • Hideyoshi concerned (Converts refused to obey feudal lord’s orders if they believed they conflicted with Christianity) and ordered missionaries to leave in the 1580s. • Tokugawa banned Christianity in 1614 • Drove missionaries away, those who refused were killed • 300,000 Japanese Christians killed • Tokugawa began restricting foreign trade • By 1640s only Dutch and Chinese ships allowed and only on island of Deshima Europeans at the port of Deshima

41. Dailies: Gunpowder Empires 1. What were the 3 gunpowder Empires? 2. How were they different from the European Empires? 3. Describe religion in the Mughal Empire? Who were the Sikhs? 4-5. Give two reason that the gunpowder empires declined.

42. Dailies: Ming and Qing • Who were the Jesuits? • Why did the Chinese allow the Jesuits into China? • Who were the Qing (where were they from)? • Why were guns banned in Japan? • Describe the Reconquista.