Female and Male Reproductive Systems

1. Female and Male Reproductive Systems By: Karen Bruccoleri and Jessica Bieniek

2. What is Reproduction? • The process which organisms make more organisms like themselves • This is one trait that separates living things apart from nonliving matter

3. Female and Male • Most species have 2 sexes: • Female • Male • Have own unique reproductive systems • Different in Shape & Structure • Both designed to either: • Produce eggs or sperm • Nourish eggs or sperm • Transport eggs or sperm

4. Female Reproduction System

5. The main structures of the female reproductive system: • Vagina • Muscular, hollow tube • Extends from the uterus to the vagina opening • 3-5 inches long • Connects to the uterus at the cervix • Cervix • Thick, strong walls • Uterus • Hollow organ with muscular walls • Contains some of the strongest muscles in the female body • Size of an upside-down pear

6. Structures Continued • Fallopian Tubes • Located in the upper corners of the uterus • Connects the uterus to the ovaries • Ovaries • Produce, store, and release eggs into the fallopian tubes-know as ovulation • Part of the endocrine system because they produce progesterone and estrogen

7. Female Reproductive Diagram

8. Reproductive System enables a woman to: • Produce eggs • Experience sexual intercourse • Protects and nourishes a fertilized egg • Give birth

9. Puberty • Baby girl’s ovaries contain hundreds of eggs • Eggs remain inactive until puberty • At puberty, the pituitary glands begin to make hormones that stimulate the ovaries to produce females’ sex hormones, such as estrogen • Last stages of puberty females begin to release eggs as part of a monthly menstrual cycle

10. Menstrual Cycle • Occurs approximately once a month • During ovulation an ovary sends an egg into the fallopian tubes. • If the egg is not fertilized it dries up and leaves the body in about two weeks though the uterus, which is know as, menstruation • However, if the egg is fertilized then the egg can become a baby

11. Steps in Fertilization: • Contact between sperm and egg • Entry of sperm into the egg • Fusion of egg and sperm nuclei • Activation of development *This is a picture of the egg and sperm-the sperm is color enhanced to be green

12. Once an egg is fertilized… • The fertilized egg journeys through the fallopian tubes to the implantation in the uterus.

13. What things can go wrong with the female reproductive system? • Vulvovaginitis • Inflammation of the vulva and vagina • Caused by irritating substances such as; laundry soaps, bath bubbles, or poor hygiene • Symptoms: itching, redness in the vaginal and vulvar areas, as well as, vaginal discharge

14. A type of Cancer: Ovarian Cancer Cancer cells located in the ovary Approximately 25,000 women in America diagnosed with this type of cancer Treatments: Radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or surgery

15. Male Reproductive System

16. Male Reproductive Organs • Male reproductive organs are called Genitals • Located on the inner and outer part of the pelvis

17. Male Genitals Include: • Testicles a.k.a. “Testes” • Duct System • Epididymis • Vas (Ductus) deferens • Accessory Glands • Seminal Vesicle • Prostate Gland • Penis

18. Sperm • Sperm cells are the male sex cells • Production of sperm begins at puberty • Can be used to fertilize women’s eggs

19. Testicles a.k.a. “Testes” • Function: produce and store millions of tiny sperm cells • Male is normally born with two testes, but they also may have to be removed for one reason or another • Shape: Oval • Size: About 2 inches in length; 1 inch in diameter • Testicles are also a part of the Endocrine System: they produce hormones including “testosterone”

20. Testosterone • Major hormone for young men when they go through puberty • More and more is produced as the male ages through the puberty stage • Deep voices • Facial hair • Pubic hair • Stimulates production of sperm

21. Epididymis and Vas Deferens • Make up duct system • Vas Deferens: muscular tube that passes up along the testicles and transports semen • Semen: sperm-containing fluid • Epididymis: set of coiled tubes (one for each testicle) that connects vas deferens

22. Where do the Epididymis and Testes hang out? • Pouch-like structure • Outside of the pelvis • It’s called the Scrotum • “Bag of Skin” • Helps regulate temperature of testicles • Size of scrotum changes to keep right temperature • The scrotum is just like a human being • When we are cold, we tense up and body becomes tighter to hold in heat. • When we are hot, we flop around freely, trying to cool ourselves off to get rid of the extra heat. ***Testicles need to be cooler than body temperature in order to continue sperm production***

23. Accessory Glands • Include seminal vesicles and prostate gland • Seminal Vesicles: sac-like structures attached to vas deferens to the side of the bladder • Prostate Gland • Produces some parts of semen • Surrounds ejaculatory ducts at the base of the urethra (just below bladder) • Urethra carries semen out of the body through the penis

24. The Penis • Made of spongy tissue that can expand and contract • 2 parts: • Shaft- main part • Glans- tip • Small slit on glans is where the urine and semen exit the body

25. What does the Male Reproductive System do? • Produces semen • Releases semen during sexual intercourse • Can aid in producing a child • Produces sex hormones that makes a young male go through puberty • Hormones are released by pituitary gland which is located in the brain, and that stimulates the testicles to produce testosterone • Usually between the ages of 10-14

26. Conception • Male ejaculates during sexual intercourse • Semen enters into female vagina • Sperm makes its way through the cervix and move through the uterus • A single sperm may activate a mature egg if it passing through the fallopian tubes- Fertilization or Conception occurs • Fertilized egg is then called a “zygote”

27. What can go wrong with the Male Reproductive System? • Testicular Trauma • Testicular Cancer • Epididymitis: inflammation of the epididymis and is usually caused by an infection (usually a transmitted disease) • Sexually Transmitted Diseases: • HIV/AIDS • Genital Warts • Syphilis • Clamydia

28. What is testicular trauma? • Mild injury to testicles can cause: • Pain • Bruising • Swelling • Injuries occur when testicles are: • Struck • Hit • Kicked • Crushed • Testicular torsion could occur because of this, and that involves a testicle being twisted around cutting off the blood supply (not common, but surgery is needed to untangle the cord and save testicle)

29. Testicular Cancer • One of the most common cancers • Usually occurs in men younger than 40 • Cells in testicle divide abnormally • A tumor is then formed • Can spread to other parts of the body • If it is caught early, it can be treated • Males are encouraged to do self-examinations of the testicles

30. Hope you enjoyed the show! 