Stellar Formation

1. Stellar Formation Birkeland Currents Magnetic Pinch Marklund Convection Double Plasma Focus

2. Cosmic Birkeland Currents • Stars and galaxies form on filaments of plasma called Birkeland currents. • How? • Via Marklund convection, the magnetic pinch, and the plasma focus mechanism.

3. A Star Forming on a Birkeland Current

4. Astronomers Know Stars Form “On Strings”. • In April, 2011 (ESA) announced that its Herschel space observatory discovered "networks of tangled gaseous filaments" in the clouds between the stars • "We can actually see stars forming like beads on strings in some of these filaments.”

5. Galaxies Also Form on Strings

6. The Magnetic-pinch at Work“Bug Neb.” NGC 6302

7. Mainstream Comment About Planetary Nebulae: • “A planetary nebula is the glowing relic of a dying, sun-like star.” • “The hourglass shapes of many planetary nebulae are produced by the expansion of a ‘fast stellar wind’ within a slowly expanding ’cloud’ which is denser near its equator than its poles.” • If so, where do the x-rays come from?

8. NASA Is Preoccupied With DeathMyCn-18 • “The sands of time are running out for the central star of this hourglass-shaped planetary nebula.”  • But, this star is not dying. • It is being born.

9. Winston Bostick (1926-1991) • Consultant to LANL. • Shot two counter-directed plasma focus guns directly at each other in 1956. • Created plasmoids that had same shape and rotation as galaxies. • In 1980’s Peratt simulated these results on a supercomputer.

10. Plasma Focus Gun The beam forms in cases where the inner electrode is at a higher voltage than the outer electrode.

11. Shape of the Focus Discharge • a: beginning phase. • b: inner circle of discharge goes inside. • c: compression occurs - outer surface curves out.

12. Vela Pulsar Mainstream comments: “Just because this looks like a plasma focus device doesn’t mean it is one.” “It is a dying star”. “Gravity cannot repel anything, so the jet is evidence of a black hole. Or maybe gravitational collapse”

13. Bostick’s Results (1956)

14. PN He2-90

15. Marklund Convection Elements tend to form concentric cylinders inside Birkeland currents. The radii are proportional to the ionization voltages of the elements.

16. An Effective Coaxial Cable

17. Magnetic-pinch Applied

18. Double Plasma Focus in Action“Twin-jet” or “Butterfly” neb. M2-9

19. Many Examples of This Process Exist

20. Is This a Beginning Z-pinch? “Gomez’s Hamburger” See: http://www.spaceimages.com/gomham.html

21. Some of the Plasma Areas Can Be in Dark (Invisible) Mode.

22. NGC 6537

23. M1 The Crab Nebula

24. M1 The Crab Nebula in X-ray

25. NGC 2346

26. “Cotton Candy Nebula”IRAS 17150-3224 (Scorpius)

27. Stingray Nebula (Hen-1357)

28. PN Hubble 5

29. Footprint Neb. (M1-92)

30. “Thor’s Helmet” (NGC 2359)

31. Necklace Nebula

32. “Rotten Egg” Nebula

33. PN SuWt-2

34. Alfvén Stellar Circuit

35. Fomalhaut and Its Ring Is this ring the last visible part of a double plasma focus structure?

36. SN 1987A

37. Radio Galaxy 3C31

38. Centaurus A

39. Herbig-Haro HH47 & Molecular Hydrogen Objects

40. The Garden Sprinkler PN

41. IBEX Interstellar Boundary Explorer Reveals Milky Way Polar Gamma-Ray “Bubbles”

42. Is This Morphology Universal? • Do all stars form this way? • Do all galaxies form this way? • Do all stars and galaxies have (perhaps vestigial) rings? • Is this the most basic, fundamental mechanism in all of Plasma Cosmology? • It may well be. • STAY TUNED! THANK YOU