Carbon Group or group 4A

1. Carbon Groupor group 4A By Rocco Campanale and Nick Decristofano

2. The elements • Carbon - C Uses: Diamonds for jewelry , car parts, graphite for pencils Found in nature: Carbon and its components are widely distributed in nature. • Silicon - Si Uses: glass, cement, ceramics, most semiconductor devices, silicon resins, seals and oils Fond in nature: Silicon is found in many dioxide forms • Germanium - Ge Uses: mainly used in transistors and integrated circuits Found in nature: it is widely dispersed in nature . Germanium ores are rare to find as well. • Tin - Sn Uses: can coating: tin-plated steel containers Found in nature: Commonly found in the ground 40% of world’s tin located in Malaysia • Lead - Pb Uses: car batteries, coloring element in ceramic glazes, and projectiles Found in nature: rare in nature, usually found in a ore of zinc, silver, and copper

3. Physical Properties • They all have characteristics of metalloids and nonmetals • Carbon is either a gas or semisolid, Silicon and Germanium are metalloids, while Tin and Lead are metals • Carbon when solid is soft and a dull black • Silicon is a semiconductor, with a metallic sheen and very brittle • Germanium hard, lustrous, grey and white, very brittle with a diamond crystalline like structure • Tin is soft and malleable, silvery white metal • Lead is bluish white metal, and malleable is ductile • All have relatively high melting points

4. Chemical Properties • All have four electrons in the outer shell • Don’t form ions easily • Carbon forms bonds with many outer elements • CO2 is carbon in it dioxide state it has 2 oxygen's attached to it • Silicon is electropositive • Silicon bonds to oxygen to form silicates • Tin resists corrosion from distilled, sea and soft tap water, and can be attacked by strong acids, alkalis and acid salts. • Tin also has an oxide film that protects it well • Germanium is unaffected by alkalis and acids, except nitric acid. • Lead is very resistant to corrosion but tarnishes upon exposure to air.

5. Interesting facts • All life is based on Carbon • Carbon has a larger number of compounds then any other element • Silicon is the second most abundant element in earth’s crust • Germanium crystals used for airport security • Tin has been in use since 600 b. c. e. • Lead can cause brain damage and disrupt the nervous system • The electron configuration for the group always ends in p2, any element that ends in p2 is part of the Carbon Group

6. Conclusion • Each element has many uses throughout the world. Because they are abundant and unique • all life is made of carbon. • there is a whole science of organic chemistry this is the studies of carbon and the many different bond that it can from • The properties of silicon and germanium lead to the computer revolution • Tin and lead are important for in many early civilizations like Rome. The reason why these metals were used for many different things