Harriet Kung Director, Office of Basic Energy Sciences Office of Science, U.S. Department of Energy

1. Basic Energy Sciences Update Harriet Kung Director, Office of Basic Energy Sciences Office of Science, U.S. Department of Energy NSLS/CFN Users Meeting Brookhaven National Laboratory May 25, 2010

2. What’s New • Strategic Planning • Program Update • NSLS-II • LCLS Commissioning • EFRCs and SISGR • FY 2011 Budget Request • Materials Discovery and Design

3. BESAC & BES Strategic Planning Activities • Science for Discovery Complex Systems • Science for National Needs April 2010

4. SciTech Priority Research Directions • Panel 5: Electric Power Grid Technologies • Coordinator: Thomas Schneider, NREL • Power Electronic Materials • High Power Superconductors • Electric Insulating and Dielectric Materials • Electrical Conductors • Panel 6: Advanced Solid State Lighting • Coordinator: Bernd Keller, Cree • White Light Emission Through Wavelength Conversion • High Efficiency Emission at High Current Density and Temperature • Organic Light Emitting Diode Materials and Structures • Panel 7: Biofuels • Coordinator: Gregory Powers, Verenium • Diversity of Biomass and Its Intermediates in the Manufacture of Biofuels • Mass Transport Phenomena in Conversion of Biomass to Biofuels • Biomass Catalyst Discovery, Characterization and Performance • Panel 8: Efficient Energy Generation and Use • Coordinator: Om Nalamasu, Applied Materials • Enabling Materials Technologies for Renewable Power • Fuel Cell Materials Understanding and Discovery • Dynamic Optical and Thermal Properties of Building Envelopes • Panel 9: Scientific User Facilities • Coordinator: Simon Bare, UOP • At-Scale Experiments on Commercial Materials/Devices • Development of New Materials • Study of Interfaces and Interfacial Phenomena • Panel 1: Solar Electricity • Coordinator: Charles Gay, Applied Solar • Fundamentals of Materials and Interfaces in Photovoltaics • Advanced Photovoltaic Analysis and Computational Modeling for Up-scaling • Photovoltaic Lifetime and Degradation Science • Panel 2: Advanced Nuclear Energy • Coordinator: Kurt Edsinger, EPRI • Materials Degradation Mechanisms • Advanced Irradiation Effects Scaling • Back End of the Fuel Cycle • Panel 3: Carbon Sequestration • Coordinator: Richard Esposito, Southern Co. • Extraction of High Resolution Information from Subsurface Imaging and Modeling • Understanding Multi-scale Dynamics of Flow and Plume Migration • Understanding Millennium Timescale Processes from Short Timescale Experimentation • Panel 4: Electricity Storage • Coordinator: Bart Riley, A123 Systems • Identification and Development of New Materials • Invention of New Architectures for Energy Storage • Understanding and Controlling Heterogeneous Interfaces • Identification and Development of New Tools

5. BESAC & BES Strategic Planning Activities • Science for Discovery Complex Systems • Science for National Needs • National Scientific User Facilities, the 21st century tools of science

6. BES Scientific Users Facilities

7. Science Drivers for Next Generation Photon Sources Two science drivers for new light sourcesare identified which combine the deepest science impact with the broadest user base: May 2009 • Femtosecond time resolution – opens completely new territory where atoms can be followed in real time and electronic excitations can be resolved down to their intrinsic time scale. • Sub-nanometer spatial resolution –opens the length scale where quantum confinement dominates electronic behavior and where catalytic activity begins. Spectroscopy of individual nanometer-scale objects rather than conglomerates will eliminate blurring of the energy levels induced by the size and shape distribution and thereby reveal active sites in catalysis and the traps where electrons are lost in photovoltaics.

8. Accelerator Physics for Future Light Sources • Evaluate the state of readiness of machine architectures • to building the next major X-ray science user facility • What will be ready in 5 years? In 10 years? • Provide peer-reviewable scientific manuscripts describing • Potential of approach (not wavelength specific) • Physics & technological challenges • Technical readiness of light source architectures • Describe research steps & directions toward a new generation of photon sources • Smaller-scale architectures were considered for context and long term potential • Five reports will be published in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: • Cathode R&D for Future Light Sources • New Source Technologies &Their Impact On Future Light Sources • Free Electron Lasers • Energy Recovered Linacs • Ultimate Storage Ring

9. National Synchrotron Light Source - II Ground Breaking Ceremony, June 15, 2009 • $150 million in Recovery Act funding to accelerate construction – all funds obligated • Will Accelerate creation of more than 200 local jobs on Long Island in FY 2009 • Additional jobs saved or created through procurements • Overall project: • 1,000 jobs • 40,000 cubic yards of concrete • 2,500 tons of steel • 400,000 square feet of space 9 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Funding

10. National Synchrotron Light Source – II NSLS JPSI LOB CFN Storage Ring Booster MER Linac MER LOB LOB MER MER MER LOB LOB 400 FEET 200 100 0 17:00 PM May 21, 2010 10

11. Linac Coherent Light Source or “LCLS” at SLAC the world’s first x-ray laser LCLS uses only 1/3 of linac electron beam undulator hall x-ray production Detection of X-ray at Far Hall ~ 1 PM PDT 4/22/2010 near hall 3 experiments x-ray beam far hall 3 experiments

12. BES Research ― Science for Discovery & National Needs Three Major Types of Research Thrusts • Core Research • Support single investigator and small group projects to pursue their specific research interests largely in disciplinary sciences. • Energy Frontier Research Centers • $2-5 million-per-year multi-disciplinary research centers, established in 2009, focused on addressing fundamental roadblocks related to energy • Energy Innovation Hubs • $25 million-per-year research centers (with $10M one-time start-up funds), to be established in 2010, will focus on integrating basic & applied research with technology development to enable transformational energy applications increasing progression of scientific scope and level of effort

13. Energy Frontier Research Centers Tackling Our Energy Challenges in a New Era of Science Recovery Act (Stimulus Bill) $277M $100M Omnibus Appropriations • EFRC awards provide the recipients with $2-5 million/year over a five-year award period to pursue collaborative basic research that addresses both energy challenges and science grand challenges in areas including: • Solar Energy Utilization  Geosciences for Waste and CO2 Storage  Combustion • Bio-Fuels  Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems  Superconductivity • Catalysis  Materials Under Extreme Environments  Solid State Lighting • Energy Storage  Hydrogen As stated in the Funding Opportunity Announcement for the EFRCs: “… the research proposed in the EFRC application must: address one or more of the challenges described in the BESAC report Directing Matter and Energy: Five Challenges for Science and the Imagination (http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/reports/files/GC_rpt.pdf)and address one or more of the energy challenges described in the 10 BES workshop reports in the Basic Research Needs series (http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/reports/list.html). FY 2009 EFRCs Funding: Total EFRCs = $777M over 5 years

14. SC/BES Energy Frontier Research Centers46 EFRCs were launched in late FY 2009 using FY 2009 Appropriations and Recovery Act Funds Energy Frontier Research Center Locations ( Leads; Participants) Industry/Nonprofit Energy Storage 2 1 12 DOE Labs Energy Efficiency 6 20 6 31 Universities Energy Supply 14 Crosscutting Sciences By Lead Institution By Topical Category 46 centers awarded, representing 103 participating institutions in 36 states plus D.C Office of Science FY 2011 Budget 14

15. Single-Investigator & Small-Group Research Grand challenge science: ultrafast science; chemical imaging, complex & emergent behavior Use inspired discovery science: research areas identified in BESAC and BES workshop reports Tools for 21st century science: midscale instrumentation A total of $55M was awarded in FY 2009: single investigator awards ($150 – 300K/yr), small group awards ($500 – 1500K/yr) for up to three years, and mid-scale instrument (up to $2M). • 95 projects were awarded: • 72 university awards • 23 lab awards • Grand challenge science: 22% • Use-inspired discovery science: 47% • Mid-scale tools: 33% (10 ) (57) (28) Additional accelerator and detector R&D awards.

16. FY 2011 BES Budget Request • Research programs • Energy Innovation Hubs • Energy Frontier Research Centers • Core research increases for grand challenge science, use-inspired science, accelerator & detector research • Topical areas include: basic research in ultrafast science, materials synthesis, carbon capture, radiation resistant materials, separation sciences, advanced combustion modeling for engine design, geophysics and geochemistry on CO2/minerals & rocks interactions, and gas hydrates • Scientific user facilities operations • Synchrotron light sources • Neutron scattering facilities • Nanoscale Science Research Centers FY 2011 Request: $ 1,835M SBIR & GPP 40.2 SUF Research 27.3 MIE 22.4 153.1 Hub 58.3 Construction & OPC NSRC 109.5 Neutron Sources 262.7 EFRC 140 Facilities Ops 777.3 CSGB Research 306 Light Sources 403.6 MSE Research • Construction and instrumentation • National Synchrotron Light Source-II • Spallation Neutron Source instruments • SNS Power Upgrade 309.4

17. New BES Research Investments Address Critical Needs An FY 2011 BES call will cover a broad range of research awards including new EFRCs • About $66 million will be competed in the BES Program to support additional Energy Frontier Research Centers, single investigators and small group awards in the following areas: • 1. Discovery and development of new materials • The FY 2011 solicitation will emphasize new synthesis capabilities, including bio-inspired approaches, for science-driven materials discovery and synthesis. Research will include crystalline materials, which have broad technology applications and enable the exploration of novel states of matter. • 2. Research for energy applications • The FY 2011 solicitation will emphasize fundamental science related to: • Carbon capture, including the rational design of novel materials and separation processes for post-combustion CO2 capture in existing power plants and catalysis and separation research for novel carbon capture schemes to aid the design of future power plants. • Advanced nuclear energy systems including radiation resistant materials in fission and fusion applications and separation science and heavy element chemistry for fuel cycles. • Awards will be competitively solicited via Funding Opportunity Announcements following the FY 2011 appropriation.

18. New Materials Discovery – Enabler of Technology Innovations • Numerous recent Nobel prizes- quantum Hall effect and fractional quantum Hall effect (Physics 1985, 1998), buckyballs (Chemistry 1996), and conducting polymers (Chemistry 2000) – were made possible by new materials. • The material discoveries have also enabled generations of technology breakthroughs, from integrated circuits, lasers, optoelectronic communications, to solid-state lighting. Virtually, further advances in these technologies have been limited by the performance of materials. • Understanding and controlling the hierarchical assembly of fundamental building blocks (atoms, molecules, clusters, and colloids etc.) in ways to synthesize materials with “designer” properties defines a grand challenge for materials research, i.e. shifting the paradigm of materials discovery from serendipity to rational design. Flexible, plastic solar cell Negative Index Materials

19. Discovery and Development of New MaterialsTo expand scientific frontiers and drive technology innovation • Develop new synthesis capabilities and a strong foundation for science-driven materials discovery • Build U.S. leadership in materials synthesis and discovery enterprise to drive technology innovation 1mm • The new BES activity will provide: • Research on crystalline materials, including bioinspired approaches, which have • broad technology applications and enable the exploration of novel states of matter. • Establish new synthesis capabilities for materials discovery and synthesis • Crystalline materials by “reverse design”– expanding the use of theoretical tools in materials design • Atom-by-atom design – manipulation of effective dimensionality and connectivity which manifest in novel behavior and properties • Exploiting biological strategies and approaches to materials synthesis and assembly

20. Directing Matter and Energy: 2007 BESAC Report • Five Grand Challenges • How do we control materials properties at the level of electrons? • How do we design and perfect atom- and energy-efficient synthesis of revolutionary new forms of matter with tailored properties? • How do remarkable properties of matter emerge from complex correlations of the atomic and electronic constituents and how can we control these properties? • How can we master energy and information on the nanoscale to create new technologies with capabilities rivaling those of living systems? • How do we characterize and control matter--especially very far away--from equilibrium? Creation of New Materials ─ An Essential Component of Science Grand Challenges 20

21. Crystalline Matter: 2009 NRC Report Three Grand Challenges • Novel Properties from Next Generation Crystalline Materials Manipulation of effective dimensionality and connectivity of crystal substructures to manifest in novel behavior and properties • Crystalline Materials for Energy Production and Conversion Band gap engineering for solar energy conversion, solid state lighting, new superconductors for electricity delivery, catalysts for fuels, new crystalline materials for energy conversion and storage • Crystalline Materials by Design Advances in experimental and theoretical tools will make possible the ability to design materials for specific technological purposes

22. Inspired by Biology: 2008 NRC Report Biology can be a source and inspiration to new materials synthesis under mild conditions and novel assembly strategies • Dynamically adaptive and far-from-equilibrium materials • Self-repairing materials • Effective and unique strategies for interfacing biological and non-biological materials for emergent behavior • Synthetic enzymes • Material architectures for efficiently integrating light-harvesting, photo-redox, and catalytic functions • Materials that take inspiration from biological gates, pores, channels, and motors 22

23. Synthesis Science and Discovery: Implementation • EFRCs – • Larger centers to broadly address materials discovery and crystals growth • Provide infrastructure for cutting-edge materials discovery and development • larger-scale facilities, specialized staff, specialized infrastructure for safely performing processes involving toxic chemicals • capabilities based upon multidisciplinary teams • “Thematic” focus to tackle the most significant synthesis challenges related to energy research • Single PIs/Small Groups – • Unique education and training needed for new materials synthesis and discovery • High risk, niche research areas • Together, EFRCs and individual PI activities will result in a network for materials discovery across the Nation • Strong foundation for a culture of science-driven synthesis • Will provide the scientific and technological impact to return leadership of this crucial field to the U.S.

24. BES ES&H Policy Guideline Conducting All BES-supported Activities in a Safe and Environmentally Conscientious Manner The Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES) is committed to conducting research and executing projects in a manner that ensures protection of the workers, the public, and the environment. Protecting the workers, the public, and the environment is a direct and individual responsibility of all BES managers and BES-supported researchers and their staff. Funds provided by BES for research and projects will be applied as necessary to ensure that all BES research activities are conducted safely and in an environmentally conscientious manner.Only research and projects conducted in this way will be supported.