The Plantations of Ulster – Influencing Identity

1. The Plantations of Ulster – Influencing Identity Chapter 08

2. What Will I Learn? • Recognise how the Plantation of Ulster influenced identity in Ireland • Explore the Nature of History • Recognise how the growth of towns influenced identity in Ireland

3. Ireland in the Sixteenth Century • The Pale • Anglo-Irish lordships • Gaelic Irish lordships

4. Efforts to Conquer Ireland Military Conquest • Tudors reduced the power of Anglo-Irish lords, e.g. Fitzgeralds of Kildare • War was very expensive • Also families rose up again in later years • There was a need for a new policy

5. A New Policy to Conquer Ireland: Plantations • Defeat lords and chiefs • Confiscate lands • Introduce ‘loyal’ settlers or planters • Use English law, language and customs • Planters defend their new lands Timeline of the Plantations 1556Plantation of Laois- Offaly (Queen Mary I) 1586 Plantation of Munster (Queen Elizabeth I) 1610Plantation of Ulster (King James I) 1652Cromwellian Plantation (Oliver Cromwell) See Skills Book p. 75

6. The Plantation of Ulster Background and Causes Reasons for the plantation • Create a loyal and Protestant population • Protect England • Spread the Protestant religion to Ireland • Spread English culture • Money for Crown from rents • Pay soldiers and officials involved in Nine Years’ War King James I

7. Plan of Ulster Plantation • Survey 6 counties • Commission of Inquiry • Crown and church lands • Towns and schools

8. The Plantation in Action Defence Bawn Bawn with stone house Bawn with stone castle

9. The Plantation of Londonderry

10. The Plantation of Londonderry

11. How Successful Was the Plantation of Ulster? • English law, language and farming methods • Loyal population • Protestant religion • ‘It will secure the peace of Ireland, assure it to the crown of England for ever; and finally, make it a civil and a rich, a mighty, and a flourishing Kingdom.’ (p. 137) (Extract from Sir John Davies, ‘A Discovery of True Causes why Ireland was entirely subdued’, written in 1612. Davies was an English nobleman who gained from the Plantation of Ulster. [The British Library])

12. How Did the Plantation of Ulster Influence Identity? Source 1 New Population • Planters from Scotland and England • Presbyterians and Church of England (Anglicans) • 1641 – 40,000 planters (settlers) • 1690–98 – 80,000 more Scottish emigrants See Skills Book p.75

13. How Did the Plantation of Ulster Influence Identity? Source 2

14. Ulster-Scots See Skills Book p.77

15. Land and Religion • Planters – Presbyterians and Church of England • Gaelic Irish – Catholic, tenants of planters • Conflict over land and religion • Gaelic culture and laws declined • Some Gaelic Irish became ‘tories’ or outlaws • 1641 – native Irish attacked planters in a rebellion • 12,000 planters killed • Conflict continued into later centuries

16. New Towns • First towns in Ulster • 20 new planned towns • Straight, wide streets • Central square or diamond • Stone walls • Centres of local government and business • e.g. Derry/Londonderry, Coleraine, Dungannon Planned town of Donegal

17. Houses and Castles Enniskillen Castle – Scottish-style New style houses

18. The Economy and Farming • New farming methods • More crops, rather than cattle • Developed field system, rather than open grazing • Woods cut down • Timber exported • Roads, inns and mills • Trade prospered See Skills Book p. 78

19. Conflicts Based on Identity Timeline of Divided Loyalties 1641The Massacre of Protestants in Portadown and elsewhere 1688–89Apprentice Boys and The Siege of Derry 1689The Battle of the Boyne 1795Foundation of Orange Order 1886Belfast riots 1920Northern Ireland established Belfast riots 1968The Troubles began

20. Conflicts based on identity

21. Survey on Identity Source 1 Survey on Identity • 79% Protestants, 74% Catholics agreed that Britishness and Protestantism are strongly intertwined • 18% Protestants equally British and Irish • 40% more British than Irish • 35% British, not Irish (Source: Paula Devine, ARK, Queen’s University Belfast NILT 2007, Northern Ireland Life and Times [NILT] Survey, 1998–2010)

22. Unionists Symbols

23. Nationalist Symbols

24. Common Symbols, Different Identities

25. How Did the Ulster Plantation Influence Identity?

26. Impact of the Plantation of Ulster Source 2 Less dense Protestant settlement further west The significant thing is that the further you go west, the less dense Protestant settlement was and, to some extent, at the time of partition (of Ireland in 1920), this is reflected in the fact that Donegal was a planted county – but it became part of ultimately the Irish Free State… (Dr. John McCavitt) Source 1 What happened after the plantation I think in some ways it’s what happens after the Plantation which is much more important for the enduring legacy. It’s the fear of massacre… (Dr. Raymond Gillepsie) See Skills Book pp. 79, 80

27. Impact of the Plantation of Ulster Source 3 Segregation (separation) built into the Plantation The other interesting aspect, as far as the legacy of the Plantation is concerned, is that segregation (separation) was built into the Plantation at the start: we have this modern problem where you know segregated or divided societies. It’s just not a product of what has happened today… (Dr. John McCavitt) Source 4 What makes the Ulster Plantation different The Plantation happened in many parts of Ireland other than in Ulster. The principal ingredient that makes Ulster different is that the Plantation in Ulster was followed at the end of the 17th century, in the 1690s, and again continuing into the early years of the 18th century, by a significant further influx of Scottish people… (Professor Nicholas Canny) See Skills Book pp. 79, 80

31. Have you inserted suggestions for CBA1? CBA2?

33. The Growth of Towns and Identity

34. Early Monastic Towns How did monastic towns influence identity in Ireland?

35. Viking and Anglo-Norman Towns How did Viking and Norman towns influence identity in Ireland?

36. Plantation Towns How did Plantation towns influence identity in Ireland?

37. The Eighteenth Century Landlord estate towns – Kenmare, Co. Kerry

38. Dublin – Many Identities How did Dublin experience a changing identity over the centuries?