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The Principle of Direct Syntactic Encoding: All grammatical relation changes are lexical

The Principle of Direct Syntactic Encoding: All grammatical relation changes are lexical. Two kinds of movement in transformational grammar:. Two kinds of movement in transformational grammar: "A' movement" (long-distance phenomena): Disse kakene sa Petter [at Kari mente [ - var gode]].

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The Principle of Direct Syntactic Encoding: All grammatical relation changes are lexical

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  1. The Principle of Direct Syntactic Encoding: All grammatical relation changes are lexical

  2. Two kinds of movement in transformational grammar:

  3. Two kinds of movement in transformational grammar: "A' movement" (long-distance phenomena): Disse kakene sa Petter [at Kari mente [ - var gode]]

  4. Two kinds of movement in transformational grammar: "A' movement" (long-distance phenomena): Disse kakene sa Petter [at Kari mente [ - var gode]] "A-movement": Rapporten skrives av sekretæren

  5. Two kinds of movement in transformational grammar: "A' movement" (long-distance phenomena): Disse kakene sa Petter [at Kari mente [ - var gode]] "A-movement": Rapporten skrives av sekretæren XP NP VP V NP Configurational analysis of passive

  6. Two kinds of movement in transformational grammar: "A' movement" (long-distance phenomena): Disse kakene sa Petter [at Kari mente [ - var gode]] "A-movement": Rapporten skrives av sekretæren XP active passive R < x y >  R < x y > S O (OBL) S NP VP V NP Configurational analysis of passive Relational analysis of passive

  7.  ( SUBJ) ( CF)     The seeming movement under passivization in English is simply a consequence of the configurational assignment of GFs in that language: XP VP NP NP V CF = non-discourse argument functions

  8. In a non-configurational language like Malayalam there is no seeming movement under passivization:

  9.  PRED 'worship<( SUBJ)( OBJ)>' In a non-configurational language like Malayalam there is no seeming movement under passivization: PRED 'child' CASE nom SUBJ PRED 'elephant' CASE acc OBJ S NP V NP kutti aanaye aaraadiccu child.NOM elephant.ACC worship.PAST

  10.    PRED 'worship<( SUBJ)( OBJ)>' PRED 'worship<( OBLag)( SUBJ)>' In a non-configurational language like Malayalam there is no seeming movement under passivization: PRED 'child' CASE nom SUBJ PRED 'elephant' CASE acc OBJ S NP V NP kutti aanaye aaraadiccu child.NOM elephant.ACC worship.PAST PRED 'child' CASE instr OBLag PRED 'elephant' CASE nom S SUBJ NP V NP kuttiyaal aana aaraadhikkappettu child.INSTR elephant.NOM worship.PASS.PAST

  11. The classical LFG passive analysis: A lexical redundancy rule A pattern in the lexicon writes write < SUBJOBJ > written write < OBLag/ SUBJ > eats eat < SUBJOBJ > eaten eat < OBLag/ SUBJ > buys buy < SUBJOBJ > bought buy < OBLag/ SUBJ > ...

  12. The classical LFG passive analysis: A lexical redundancy rule A pattern in the lexicon writes write < SUBJOBJ > written write < OBLag/ SUBJ > eats eat < SUBJOBJ > eaten eat < OBLag/ SUBJ > buys buy < SUBJOBJ > bought buy < OBLag/ SUBJ > ... Abstracted as a lexical rule: OBJ ⇒ SUBJ SUBJ ⇒ OBLag SUBJ ⇒ 

  13. Part of the passive template in a Norwegian computational LFG grammar: PASS (SCHEMATA) = { SCHEMATA ~(↑PASSIVE)=+ | SCHEMATA (↑PASSIVE)=c + { (↑OBJ) --> (↑SUBJ) | (↑OBL-TH) --> (↑SUBJ) | (↑OBJ-BEN) --> (↑SUBJ) | (↑COMP) --> (↑SUBJ) | (↑XCOMP) --> (↑SUBJ) } { (↑SUBJ) --> (↑OBL-AG) | (↑SUBJ) --> NULL } }.

  14. Part of the passive template in a Norwegian computational LFG grammar: PASS (SCHEMATA) = { SCHEMATA ~(↑PASSIVE)=+ | SCHEMATA (↑PASSIVE)=c + { (↑OBJ) --> (↑SUBJ) | (↑OBL-TH) --> (↑SUBJ) | (↑OBJ-BEN) --> (↑SUBJ) | (↑COMP) --> (↑SUBJ) | (↑XCOMP) --> (↑SUBJ) } { (↑SUBJ) --> (↑OBL-AG) | (↑SUBJ) --> NULL } }. Template invocation in a lexical entry P: P V @(PASS [(↑PRED)='P<(↑SUBJ)(↑OBJ)>' ... ])

  15. Part of the passive template in a Norwegian computational LFG grammar: PASS (SCHEMATA) = { SCHEMATA ~(↑PASSIVE)=+ | SCHEMATA (↑PASSIVE)=c + { (↑OBJ) --> (↑SUBJ) | (↑OBL-TH) --> (↑SUBJ) | (↑OBJ-BEN) --> (↑SUBJ) | (↑COMP) --> (↑SUBJ) | (↑XCOMP) --> (↑SUBJ) } { (↑SUBJ) --> (↑OBL-AG) | (↑SUBJ) --> NULL } }. Template invocation in a lexical entry P: P V @(PASS [(↑PRED)='P<(↑SUBJ)(↑OBJ)>' ... ]) http://iness.uib.no/xle-web

  16. Grammatical Functions TOP FOC SUBJ OBJ OBJ OBL COMPL ADJUNCT non-a-fns non-a-fns a-fns

  17. Grammatical Functions d-fns TOP FOC SUBJ OBJ OBJ OBL COMPL ADJUNCT non-a-fns non-a-fns a-fns

  18. Grammatical Functions non-d-fns d-fns TOP FOC SUBJ OBJ OBJ OBL COMPL ADJUNCT non-a-fns non-a-fns a-fns

  19. Grammatical Functions non-d-fns d-fns TOP FOC SUBJ OBJ OBJ OBL COMPL ADJUNCT non-a-fns non-a-fns a-fns

  20. X'-syntax Basic schema: XP YP X' X0 ZP X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D (Left-to-right order unspecified)

  21. X'-syntax Basic schema: XP Specifier YP X' Head Complement X0 ZP X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D (Left-to-right order unspecified)

  22. X'-syntax Basic schema: Lexical projections: LP XP YP L' YP X' L0 ZP X0 ZP X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P

  23. X'-syntax Basic schema: Lexical projections: NP XP YP N' YP X' Cæsar's N0 ZP X0 ZP conquest of Gallia X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P

  24. X'-syntax Basic schema: Lexical projections: VP XP YP V' YP X' Cæsar V0 ZP X0 ZP conquered Gallia X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P

  25. X'-syntax Basic schema: Lexical projections: XP VP YP X' V0 ZP X0 ZP conquered Gallia X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P

  26. X'-syntax Basic schema: Lexical projections: XP AP YP X' A0 ZP X0 ZP afraid of dogs X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P

  27. X'-syntax Basic schema: Lexical projections: PP XP YP P' YP X' three miles P0 ZP X0 ZP past the border X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P

  28. X'-syntax Basic schema: Lexical projections: XP PP YP X' P0 ZP X0 ZP on the table X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P

  29. X'-syntax Functional projections: Basic schema: Lexical projections: LP FP XP YP L' YP F' YP X' L0 ZP F0 ZP X0 ZP X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P F0: C, I, D

  30. X'-syntax Functional projections: Basic schema: Lexical projections: LP XP YP L' CP YP X' L0 ZP C0 ZP X0 ZP that Mary left X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P F0: C, I, D

  31. X'-syntax Functional projections: Basic schema: Lexical projections: LP IP XP YP L' YP I' YP X' Mary L0 ZP I0 ZP X0 ZP may leave John X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P F0: C, I, D

  32. X'-syntax Functional projections: Basic schema: Lexical projections: LP XP YP L' DP YP X' L0 ZP D0 ZP X0 ZP this theory X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P F0: C, I, D

  33. X'-syntax Adjunction: XP Functional projections: Lexical projections: LP FP WP XP YP L' YP F' YP X' L0 ZP F0 ZP X0 ZP X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P F0: C, I, D

  34. X'-syntax Functional projections: Basic schema: Lexical projections: LP FP XP YP L' YP F' YP X' L0 ZP F0 ZP X0 ZP X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P F0: C, I, D Lexical integrity: "Morphological complete words are leaves of the c-structure tree and each leaf corresponds to one and only one c-structure node."

  35. X'-syntax Functional projections: Basic schema: Lexical projections: LP FP XP YP L' YP F' YP X' L0 ZP F0 ZP X0 ZP X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P F0: C, I, D Economy of Expression: "All syntactic phrase structure nodes are optional and are not used unless required by independent principles (completeness, coherence, semantic expressivity)."

  36. X'-syntax Functional projections: Basic schema: Example of optionality: FP XP VP YP F' YP X' V0 NP F0 ZP X0 ZP conquered Gallia X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P F0: C, I, D Economy of Expression: "All syntactic phrase structure nodes are optional and are not used unless required by independent principles (completeness, coherence, semantic expressivity)."

  37. X'-syntax Functional projections: Basic schema: Example of optionality: FP XP VP YP F' YP X' NP F0 ZP X0 ZP Gallia X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P F0: C, I, D Economy of Expression: "All syntactic phrase structure nodes are optional and are not used unless required by independent principles (completeness, coherence, semantic expressivity)."

  38. X'-syntax Functional projections: Basic schema: Example of optionality: FP XP VP YP F' YP X' NP F0 ZP X0 ZP Gallia X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P F0: C, I, D Economy of Expression: "All syntactic phrase structure nodes are optional and are not used unless required by independent principles (completeness, coherence, semantic expressivity)."

  39.         Two kinds of 'heads' c-structure heads (according to X' theory): XP XP XP YP X' X YP YP X X0 ZP f-structure heads: A A A B C B C B C

  40. The Mapping Principles Lexical projections: Functional projections: LP FP YP L' YP F' L0 ZP F0 ZP

  41.         The Mapping Principles C-structure heads are f-structure heads. Lexical projections: Functional projections: LP FP YP L' YP F' L0 ZP F0 ZP

  42. ( DF)         The Mapping Principles C-structure heads are f-structure heads. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF. Lexical projections: Functional projections: LP FP YP L' YP F' L0 ZP F0 ZP

  43. ( SUBJ)         The Mapping Principles C-structure heads are f-structure heads. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF. Example ([SPEC, IP] as SUBJ): Lexical projections: Functional projections: LP IP YP L' NP I' Mary L0 ZP I0 VP may leave John

  44. ( DF)           The Mapping Principles C-structure heads are f-structure heads. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF. Complements of functional categories are f-structure co-heads. Lexical projections: Functional projections: LP FP YP L' YP F' L0 ZP F0 ZP

  45. ( SUBJ)           The Mapping Principles C-structure heads are f-structure heads. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF. Complements of functional categories are f-structure co-heads. Example 1 (VP as co-head with I): Lexical projections: Functional projections: LP IP YP L' NP I' Mary L0 ZP I0 VP may leave John

  46.           The Mapping Principles C-structure heads are f-structure heads. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF. Complements of functional categories are f-structure co-heads. Example 2 (NP as co-head with D): Lexical projections: Functional projections: LP YP L' DP L0 ZP D0 NP this theory

  47.  ( DF) ( CF)           The Mapping Principles C-structure heads are f-structure heads. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF. Complements of functional categories are f-structure co-heads. Complements of lexical categories are the nondiscourse argument functions CF. Lexical projections: Functional projections: LP FP YP L' YP F' L0 ZP F0 ZP

  48.  ( DF) ( OBJ)           The Mapping Principles C-structure heads are f-structure heads. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF. Complements of functional categories are f-structure co-heads. Complements of lexical categories are the nondiscourse argument functions CF. Example 1 (DP as OBJ of P): Lexical projections: Functional projections: PP FP YP P' YP F' three miles P0 DP F0 ZP past the border

  49.  ( DF) ( COMP)         The Mapping Principles C-structure heads are f-structure heads. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF. Complements of functional categories are f-structure co-heads. Complements of lexical categories are the nondiscourse argument functions CF. Example 2 (CP as COMP of V): Lexical projections: Functional projections: FP VP YP F' V0 CP F0 ZP said that John left

  50.    ( AF) ( DF) ( DF) ( AF)               The Mapping Principles C-structure heads are f-structure heads. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF. Complements of functional categories are f-structure co-heads. Complements of lexical categories are the nondiscourse argument functions CF. Constituents adjoined to phrasal constituents are nonargument functions AFor not annotated. Lexical projections: Functional projections: LP FP LP FP WP WP YP L' YP F' L0 ZP F0 ZP

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