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Control of Breathing

Brain. Cerebrospinal fluid. Pons. Medulla. Breathing control centers stimulated by:. Nerve signals trigger contraction of muscles. CO 2 increase / pH decrease in blood. Nerve signals indicating CO 2 and O 2 levels. CO 2 and O 2 sensors in aorta. Diaphragm. Rib muscles. 0.

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Control of Breathing

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  1. Brain Cerebrospinal fluid Pons Medulla Breathing control centers stimulated by: Nerve signals trigger contraction of muscles CO2 increase / pH decrease in blood Nerve signals indicating CO2 and O2 levels CO2 and O2 sensors in aorta Diaphragm Rib muscles 0 • Control of Breathing Breathing control centers in the brain Keep breathing in tune with body needs, sensing and responding to the CO2 level in the blood

  2. Neural Regulation of ventilation rate • Activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to the brain by the nerves • Neural centersthat control rate and depth are located in the medulla • Normal respiratory rate is 12–15 respirations per minute • increased respiratory rate often due to extra oxygen needs

  3. Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth • Chemical factors • Carbon dioxide levels • Level of carbon dioxide in the bloodis the main regulatory chemical for respiration • Oxygen levels is Lesseffective than changes in blood CO2 level • Changes in Co2 and O2 concentration in the blood are detected by chemoreceptorsin the aorta and carotid artery • Information is sent to the medulla oblongata

  4. Homeostasis of blood CO2 level helps regulate breathing rate – negative feedback

  5. Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth • Physical factors • Increased body temperature • Exercise • Talking • Coughing • Conscious control • Emotional factors

  6. Chronic Bronchitis

  7. Emphysema airways and air sacs have been damaged. need to forcefully blow the air out in order to empty the lungs --- puts pressure on the airways and causes them to collapse. walls of the air sacs are destroyed-- less surface area for gas exchange.. Emphysema is characterized by shortness of breath (SOB).

  8. Destruction of tissue leaves little surface area, few capillaries, and large air spaces Much normal tissue creates large surface area with many capillaries, which are filled with RBCs (red cells)

  9. Emphysema • Alveoli enlarge as adjacent chambers break through • Loss of elastic recoil of lung tissue • Over-inflation of the lungs leads to a permanently expanded barrel chest • Cyanosis appears late in the disease Cyanosis--A bluish discolouration of the skin and mucous membranes; a sign that oxygen in the blood is dangerously diminished --as in carbon monoxide poisoning

  10. Asthma -- reference only • Chronic inflamed hypersensitive bronchiole passages • Response to irritants with dyspnea*, coughing, and wheezing Dyspnea--Difficult or laboured respiration

  11. Volume of air moved in / out of the Lungs • Between which points is air moving into the lungs? • Between which points is air moving out of the lungs? • At which point is the lungs most inflated / lung volume largest?

  12. Between which points is air moving into the lungs? A1-A3 • Between which points is air moving out of the lungs? A3-A5 • At which point is the lungs most inflated / lung volume largest? A3 / C2

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