Exam Review 2018

1. Earth Science Exam Review 2018

2. Scientific Investigation and the Nature of Science

3. Big bang theory • Formation of the universe • Evidence: Red shift and background radiation • Solar nebula theory • Formation of the solar system • Sun formed first • Solid inner planets – able to withstand heat, more dense material, settle out first • Gaseous outer planets – moved to distant parts of the solar system due to solar wind • Formation of the moon – Impact Theory

4. Big Bang

5. Solar Nebula Theory

6. Impact Theory

7. Scientific Method • Scientists use observations of phenomena to make predictions of future events and explain what has happened in the past • Hypothesis • Tentative explanation • Only hypotheses that are testable are valid • Theories offer explanations for observed patterns in nature • Laws describe patterns and relationships in nature and are based on data that has been observed

8. Observations are made using the senses • Inferences are not based on observations. They are conclusions made on data that is known to be true • Variables • Independent • Variable changed in an experiment • Should only be one • Dependent • Variable measured in an experiment/Data that will be charted or graphed

9. Density • Relationship between mass and volume • D = m/v • Density is always given as g/ml or g/cm3 • Mass can be determined by using a scale or triple beam balance • Volume is determined by using a graduated cylinder

11. Density • Irregular object’s volume is found by water displacement • The density of a mineral stays the same when you break it into smaller pieces because both mass and volume change together.

13. Graphs and charts

14. Temperature decreases with depth Density increases with depth Salinity increases with depth Pressure also increases with depth

15. EXOSPHERE ABOVE 600 KM Atmosphere Temperature and Pressure

16. Topographic Maps

17. Topographic Maps • Measure changes in elevation • A profile is a side view of an elevation • When contour lines are close together, the area is steep. • Contour lines “V” over a river valley and always point upstream (opposite of flow) • Depressions or holes are identified by lines within a circle (hachures) • Flat areas/valley floors will have contour lines very spread apart

18. 7.5 Quadrant (Minute) Topographic map

19. Contour Clues Contour lines never cross!!!

20. Contour Clues Contour lines make a “V” when they cross a stream valley and the direction of the “V” points up stream to higher elevations, therefore streams flow opposite to the direction that the V’s point.

21. Relief is the difference in elevation from the lowest point to the highest point in an area.

22. Contours lines show shapes and elevations HILL HILL HILL HILL Hills are shown by closed contours(roughly concentric circles).

23. GENTLE SLOPE GENTLE SLOPE STEEP SLOPE STEEP SLOPE STEEP SLOPE LESS STEEP SLOPE Contour lines are closely spaced if an area is steep and are far apart if an area has gentle slopes.

24. Other symbols • Hachure line contours show areas where there is a hole/crater and indicates a decreasing elevation.

25. Topographic Profile

26. Latitude Longitude N and S of Equator E and W of the Prime Meridian

30. Physiographic Provinces of Virginia Appalachian Plateau

31. Coastal Plain • Youngest • Deposition of weathering and erosion of the appalachian mountains • Sedimentary rock -- FOSSILS • Piedmont • Rolling hills and deeply weathered bedrock • Metamorphic rock from N. America / Africa collision • Igneous rocks are the remains of ancient volcanoes • Rift zones from pulling apart of Pangaea

32. Physiographic Provinces of Virginia Appalachian Plateau

33. Blue Ridge • Igneous and metamorphic rock • Oldest rock in the state • Highest area in state • Formed during collision between Africa and N. America • Valley and Ridge • Folded and faulted sedimentary rock -FOSSILS • Formed by collision between Africa and N. America • Karst topography of carbonates (limestone)

34. Physiographic Provinces of Virginia Appalachian Plateau

35. Appalachian Plateau • Ancient flat sedimentary rock - FOSSILS • Coal, natural gas, and petroleum • Formation of fossil fuels originally occurred in swamp areas that were uplifted during the collision between Africa and N. America

36. Physiographic Provinces of Virginia Appalachian Plateau

37. Formation of Fossil Fuels • Coal (Carbon) • Heat and pressure transforming plants • Stages of coal formation • Peat • Lignite (sedimentary) • Bituminous (sedimentary) • Anthracite (metamorphic)

39. Petroleum and Natural Gas (hydrocarbons) • Formed from remains of organisms that were buried in ancient seas • Pressure from surrounding rock layers squeezes the oil and gas out of sedimentary rock

40. CAP ROCK IMPERMEABLE PERMEABLE

41. Rocks and Minerals • All rocks are composed of minerals • Minerals • Naturally occurring • Inorganic • Solid • Definite chemical composition and structure • The major elements in earth’s crust are oxygen, silicon, aluminum, and iron • These elements are rarely found in the native state because they undergo oxidation very easily

42. Most Abundant Elements in Earth’s Crust

43. The most abundant group of minerals on earth are the silicates • Most common silicates are quartz (used to make glass) and feldspar (decomposes to clay) and Mica

44. Quartz Mica Feldspar

45. The carbonates (CO3) • Most common carbonates are limestone (calcite) and dolomite (cement and building materials) • Easily weathered chemically

46. Limestone Dolomite Calcite

47. The oxide group is composed minerals that contain oxygen and a metal • Hematite and magnetite (iron ores)

48. Hematite Magnetite

49. The silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is the basic structure for all silicate minerals. The silicates are the most common minerals on earth’s surface.

50. Some of the most important metallic minerals are produced by igneous processes (cooling of magma) • Most of the nonmetallic minerals form through metamorphic processes (heat and pressure)