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Cell Structures and Functions: Nucleus, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, ER, Golgi, Vesicles, Lysosomes, Centrioles

Learn about the basic parts of a cell and their functions, including the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, lysosomes, and centrioles. Explore the processes and structures that make up a cell.

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Cell Structures and Functions: Nucleus, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, ER, Golgi, Vesicles, Lysosomes, Centrioles

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  1. CELLS Structures and Functions

  2. Basic Parts of the Cell • Plasma membrane – barrier between in and outside of cell • Cytoplasm – region inside plasma membrane • Cytosol – includes molecules and small particles but not organelles • Genetic material • Ribosomes

  3. Organelles!Eukaryotic Cell Nucleus

  4. The Nucleus • Most obvious structure (5μm) • Most eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus • Function: • Controls most functions of cell • Houses and protects genetic information • Structure: • Nuclear envelope – double membrane layer contains genetic contents; porous – materials enter and exit • Nucleoplasm – jelly like fluid filling nucleus • Nucleolus – dense area where ribosomes are made

  5. Processes: • Cell Division • When cell is not dividing - DNA exists as chromatin: long, thin structures • When cell is about to divide - DNA condenses to form chromosomes: structures made of DNA and protein • Transcription – DNA converted to RNA in the nucleus

  6. Chromatin Cell Division Chromosome

  7. Mitochondria

  8. Mitochondria • Size: 1-10 μm long • Function: • Transfer energy from organic molecules to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) – powers most cellular reactions • Structure: inner & outer membrane • Outer – separates mitochondria from cytosol • Inner – many folds (cristae) that capture and store energy • Mitochondrial DNA – have own DNA • THEORY: mitochondria originated from prokaryotic cells

  9. Processes: • Cellular respiration – enzymes in matrix aid in formation of ATP by extracting energy from food sources

  10. Ribosomes

  11. Ribosomes • small, spherical (< 25 nanometers) • Function: • Build proteins • Free ribosomes – make proteins used in cytosol (Ex: enzyme) • Bound ribosomes – make proteins used in membranes, packaging, and elsewhere in body • Structure: • Manufactured partly in nucleolus (protein & RNA), completed in cytoplasm • Have small and large subunit

  12. Endoplasmic Reticulum

  13. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • System of cisternae - membranous tubes & sacs • Continuous with nuclear membrane • Function – moves molecules from one part of the cell to another • Structure – Rough and Smooth • Rough ER – covered with ribosomes; involved in making proteins • Secretory proteins – secreted in vesicles (Ex: digestive enzymes) • Membrane proteins – inserted in membranes • Smooth ER – no ribosomes; builds lipids, produces steroid hormones, detoxifies drugs and poisons

  14. Golgi Apparatus

  15. Golgi Apparatus • System of cisternae stacked up • Function: • Manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, shipping • Work with nearby vesicles coming from ER – vesicle contents modified, given “address label (carbohydrate label),” transported to other parts of cell • Structure: • Distinct polarity – membranes on opposite ends have different thickness & molecular composition • Two poles: • Cis (same side) – receives materials from ER • Trans (opposing side) – vesicles bud off & are transported/exported

  16. Vesicles • Small, spherical shaped sacs • Function: • Migrate to and merge with cell membrane • Release contents outside of cell • Structure: • Single membrane • Different types (lysosomes, peroxisomes)

  17. Lysosomes • Structure – bud from Golgi, contain digestive enzymes – each vesicle is specific! • Function – Break down macromolecules (proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids) • Processes: • Autophagy – Digestion of worn-out organelles • Autolysis – Digestion of damaged or extra cells when time for cell to die • Phagocytosis – Cell eating • Receptor-mediated endocytosis

  18. Vesicles

  19. Peroxisomes • NOT produced in Golgi, contain different enzymes, such as Catalase • Different types: Ex: Detoxify alcohol and other drugs • Break down fatty acids

  20. Vacuole • Membrane bound storage structures, contains fluid • Types: • Food – stores nutrients • Contractile – contract, dispose of excess water

  21. Vacuoles Centriole

  22. Centrioles • Animal cells ONLY! • Organize cell structure during division • 2 short cylinders of microtubules

  23. Part of cytoskeleton

  24. Cytoskeleton • Provides shape and support • 3 structural elements • Microfilaments (Actin)- 2 strands intertwined; POLAR – can be used in cell movement, muscle contraction, cell division • Intermediate fibers – NONPOLAR - anchor nucleus and other organelles in place, maintain shape • Microtubules – hollow tubes made of maintain cell shape, hold organelles in place, POLAR – used in movement of chromosomes during division & organelles (like a railroad track) via the use of kinesins

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