Experience at the University of East Anglia

1. Low Energy Buildings and Low Carbon Strategies ‘节能城市’论坛 Chongqing - 23rd September 2005 2005年9月23日 Experience at the University of East Anglia • Keith Tovey (杜伟贤) M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE • HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation: • and Charlotte Turner:School of Environmental Sciences CRed

2. Low Energy and Low Carbon Strategies at UEA • Construction of Low Energy Buildings • Careful Monitoring of performance and adaptation where relevant • Fuel efficient and alternative methods to provide energy • Promoting awareness among occupants • Tackling issues for reducing energy in existing buildings which are Grade 2 listed and of historic interest.

3. Low Energy Building Projects at UEA • Low Energy Student Residences e.g. Constable Terrace • Low Energy Educational Buildings • using “TermoDeck” construction • Elizabeth Fry Building • ZICER Building In all cases Capital Cost was an issue The Termodeck buildings cost just 5% more yet consume only one quarter of energy

4. Constable Terrace - 1993

5. Low Energy Building Projects at UEA Student Residence: Constable Terrace – 1993 Over 50% of ventilation heat is recovered

6. Constable Terrace - 1993 The building has a low energy consumption. It shows a significant saving on carbon dioxide emissions.

7. The Elizabeth Fry Building

8. Principle of TermoDeck Operation Filter Supply duct to hollow core slabs Incoming Air Heater Exhaust Air Two channel regenerative heat exchanger Exhaust Air from rooms Diffuser Floor Slabs • Air is circulated through whole fabric of building • Uses regenerative Heat Exchangers ~ 85% efficient

9. Principle of Operation Key Facts • Heated using a single domestic heating boiler (24 kW) • No heating needed at temperatures as cool as 6 - 7oC • 87% of ventilation heat recovered • In summer building is pre-cooled overnight Quadruple Glazing Thick Insulation Air circulates through whole fabric of building Mean Surface Temperature close to Air Temperature

10. Performance of Elizabeth Fry Building Carbon Dioxide Emissions for Space and Water Heating User Satisfaction thermal comfort +28% air quality +36% lighting +25% noise +26% A Low Energy Building is also a better place to work in

11. Performance of Elizabeth Fry Building Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption

12. The ZICER Building Zuckerman Institute for Connective Environmental Research • 34 kW Photo Voltaic Array • “Termodeck” construction

13. ZICER Construction Ducts in floor slab

14. Performance of ZICER Building 2005 2004 EFry ZICER • Initially performance was poor • Performance improved with new Management Strategy

15. Performance of ZICER Building Temperature of air and fabric in building varies little even on a day in summer (June 21st – 22nd 2005)

16. Low Energy and Low Carbon Strategies at UEA • Construction of Low Energy Buildings • Careful Monitoring of performance and adaptation where relevant • Fuel efficient and alternative methods to provide energy • Promoting awareness among occupants • Tackling issues for reducing energy in existing buildings which are Grade 2 listed and of historic interest.

17. 3% Radiation Losses 61% Flue Losses GAS Generator Engine 36% Electricity Generation of Electricity with a Gas Engine 36%efficient

18. Combined Heat and Power at UEA 3% Radiation Losses 11% Flue Losses GAS Exhaust Heat Exchanger Engine Generator 36% Electricity 45% Heat Localised generation can make use of waste heat. Reduces conversion losses significantly 81%efficient Engine heat Exchanger

19. Performance of CHP units Before installation After installation This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide

20. Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectively More electricity could be generated in summer

21. Heat from external source Desorber Compressor Heat Exchanger W ~ 0 High Temperature High Pressure Heat rejected Absorber Condenser Throttle Valve Evaporator Low Temperature Low Pressure Heat extracted for cooling Normal Air-conditioning Adsorption Air-Conditioning • Adsorption Heat pump uses Waste Heat from CHP • Will provide most of chilling requirements in summer • Will reduce electricity demand in summer • Will increase electricity generated locally

22. Legislation can help and hinder effective use of energy The method by which electricity is traded in the UK ( The BETTA System) has adversely affected viability of CHP in the UK. The European Union Emission Trading System has anomalies which hinder effective developments such as Adsorption Chilling. Building Regulations can hinder the building of most energy efficient buildings

23. Performance of Photo Voltaic Array Peak output is 34 kW Sometimes electricity is exported Inverters are only 91% efficient Most use is for computers DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficient Need an integrated approach

24. Low Energy and Low Carbon Strategies at UEA • Construction of Low Energy Buildings • Careful Monitoring of performance and adaptation where relevant • Fuel efficient and alternative methods to provide energy • Promoting awareness among occupants • Tackling issues for reducing energy in existing buildings which are Grade 2 listed and of historic interest.

25. Raising Awareness Each person in UK causes the emission of 9 tonnes of CO2 each year. What do 9 tonnes of CO2 look like? 5 hot air balloons China: 2.5 tonnes or 1.4 balloons

26. Raising Awareness Comparison of emissions of different countries

27. Raising Awareness • Computers do NOT switch off when using the soft “SHUT DOWN”. Typically they will waste 60 kg CO2 a year. • 10 gms of carbon dioxide has an equivalent volume of 1 party balloon. • A Mobile Phone charger: > 20 kWh per year • ~ 1000 balloons each year. • Standby on electrical appliances • 80 kWh a year - 4000 balloons. • A Toyota Corolla (1400cc): 1 party balloon every 60m.

28. Target Day Results of the “Big Switch-Off” With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possible How can these be translated into long term savings?

29. Conclusions - 1 • An integrated approach to Energy Efficiency is needed. • Technical – initial good design • Effective management – up to 50% can be saved. • Awareness on the part of the user. Up to 25% can be saved. Effective design of low energy buildings will cost little more than conventional buildings. Ventilation heating requirements are becoming a dominant issue in low energy buildings To achieve full potential of low energy buildings effective record keeping, analysis, and management is essential.

30. Conclusions - 2 Combined Heat and Power can be effective in reducing carbon emissions when GAS is available. Tri-generation should always be considered when there are significant summer or year long chilling requirements. Incorporation of renewable energy systems into buildings is attractive. However an integrated approach to generation and use in needed. Promoting effective awareness can reduce energy consumption in low energy buildings dramatically. Ways to prevent “back-sliding” must be researched Some Regional, National, and International legislation is not conducive to promoting the most energy efficient strategies in communities.

31. Low Energy Buildings and Low Carbon Strategies ‘节能城市’论坛 Chongqing - 23rd September 2005 2005年9月23日 Experience at the University of East Anglia • Keith Tovey (杜伟贤) M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE • HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation: • and Charlotte Turner:School of Environmental Sciences CRed