Carbon Reduction Strategies at the University of East Anglia

1. Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal 2007 N.K. Tovey (杜伟贤) M.A, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv Н.К.Тови М.А., д-р технических наук School of Environmental Sciences / Norwich Business School ARAMCO: Science Pathway: 8th July 2013 • Carbon Reduction Strategies at the University of East Anglia

2. Teaching wall Library Student residences Original buildings

3. Nelson Court Constable Terrace

4. Low Energy Educational Buildings Nursing and Midwifery School Thomas Paine Study Centre ZICER Elizabeth Fry Building Medical School Phase 2 Medical School 4

5. The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994 Cost 6% more but has heating requirement ~25% of average building at time. Building Regulations have been updated: 1994, 2002, 2006, but building outperforms all of these. Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler. Would have scored 13 out of 10 on the Carbon Index Scale. 8

6. Conservation: management improvements – User Satisfaction thermal comfort +28% air quality +36% lighting +25% noise +26% Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption. A Low Energy Building is also a better place to work in

7. ZICER Building Heating Energy consumption as new in 2003 was reduced by further 50% by careful record keeping, management techniques and an adaptive approach to control. Incorporates 34 kW of Solar Panels on top floor Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005 awarded by the Carbon Trust.

8. The ZICER Building – • Main part of the building • High in thermal mass • Air tight • High insulation standards • Triple glazing with low emissivity ~ equivalent to quintuple glazing The first floor open plan office The first floor cellular offices

9. Operation of Main Building Regenerative heat exchanger Incoming air into the AHU Mechanically ventilated that utilizes hollow core ceiling slabs as supply air ducts to the space 9 9

10. Operation of Main Building Filter 过滤器 Heater 加热器 Air passes through hollow cores in the ceiling slabs 空气通过空心的板层 Air enters the internal occupied space 空气进入内部使用空间 10 10

11. Space for future chilling 将来制冷的空间 The return air passes through the heat exchanger 空气回流进入热交换器 Operation of Main Building Recovers 87% of Ventilation Heat Requirement. Out of the building 出建筑物 Return stale air is extracted from each floor 从每层出来的回流空气 11 11

12. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Warm air Warm air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures Air Temperature is same as building fabric leading to a more pleasant working environment Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room Slabs store heat from appliances and body heat. 热量在进入房间之前被传递到空气中 板层储存来自于电器以及人体发出的热量 Winter Day

13. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Cold air Cold air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures In late afternoon heating is turned off. Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room Slabs also radiate heat back into room 热量在进入房间之前被传递到空气中 板层也把热散发到房间内 Winter Night

14. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Cool air Cool air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures Draws out the heat accumulated during the day Cools the slabs to act as a cool store the following day 把白天聚积的热量带走。 冷却板层使其成为来日的冷存储器 night ventilation/ free cooling Summer night

15. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Warm air Warm air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures Slabs pre-cool the air before entering the occupied space concrete absorbs and stores heat less/no need for air-conditioning 空气在进入建筑使用空间前被预先冷却 混凝土结构吸收和储存了热量以减少/停止对空调的使用 Summer day

16. Good Management has reduced Energy Requirements 800 350 Space Heating Consumption reduced by 57% 能源消耗（kWh/天） 原始供热方法 新供热方法 16 16

17. ZICER Building Photo shows only part of top Floor • Mono-crystalline PV on roof ~ 27 kW in 10 arrays • Poly- crystalline on façade ~ 6.7 kW in 3 arrays

18. Arrangement of Cells on Facade Individual cells are connected horizontally Cells active Cells inactive even though not covered by shadow If individual cells are connected vertically, only those cells actually in shadow are affected. As shadow covers one column all cells are inactive 18 18 18

19. Use of PV generated energy Peak output is 34 kW峰值34 kW Sometimes electricity is exported Inverters are only 91% efficient • Most use is for computers • DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficient • Need an integrated approach

20. Original Way Heat was supplied to UEA campus • Three 8MW oil fired boilers - 83 – 85% efficient on full load, but only ~25% on low load. • Heat distributed via ~ 4 km of pipe work which was originally poorly insulated leading to losses of 500 kW or more – now ~ 200 kW. • ~ 1984 small 4 MW boiler added for use at times of low demand • 1987 all boilers converted to run on either gas or oil • 1998 – one boiler removed and 3 CHP units installed • 2004 – absorption chiller installed to provide cooling throughout campus

21. UEA’s Combined Heat and Power 3 units each generating up to 1.0 MW electricity and 1.4 MW heat

22. Trailblazing to a Low Carbon Future Photo-Voltaics Absorption Chilling Efficient CHP Advanced Biomass CHP using Gasification 22

23. Trailblazing to a Low Carbon Future Efficient CHP Absorption Chilling 23

24. Target Day Results of the “Big Switch-Off” With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possible How can these be translated into long term savings?

25. UEA’s Pathway to a Low Carbon Future: A summary Good Management • Raising Awareness Using Renewable Energy Improving Conversion Efficiency Offset Carbon Emissions 25

26. Conclusions UEA has achieved Carbon reductions by: • Constructing Low Energy Buildings • Effective adaptive energy management which has typically reduced energy requirements in a low energy building by 50% or more. • Use of Renewable Energy: Photovoltaic electric generation but opportunities were missed which would have made more optimum use of electricity generated. • The existing CHP plant reduced carbon emissions by around 30% • Adsorption chilling has been a win-win situation reducing summertime electricity demand and increasing electricity generated locally. • Awareness raising of occupants of buildings can lead to significant savings • By the end of 2013, UEA should have reduced its carbon emissions per student by 70% compared to 1990.

27. Supplementary Slides from this morning’s session follow

28. How does electricity consumption vary between countries? • Why do very similar countries (e.g. Norway and Sweden) have very different levels of consumption? • What environmental impact might these differences have?

29. Generation of Electricity – Combined Heat & Power Overall Efficiency - 73% • Heat is rejected at ~ 90oC for supply to heat buildings. • City Wide schemes are common in Eastern Europe 29