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Developing and Evolving a Low Carbon Campus Experience of the University of East Anglia

The Design and Management of Sustainable Learning Environments 18 th June 2008. C Red. Carbon Reduction. Developing and Evolving a Low Carbon Campus Experience of the University of East Anglia. Recipient of James Watt Medal 5 th October 2007.

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Developing and Evolving a Low Carbon Campus Experience of the University of East Anglia

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  1. The Design and Management of Sustainable Learning Environments 18th June 2008 CRed Carbon Reduction Developing and Evolving a Low Carbon Campus Experience of the University of East Anglia Recipient of James Watt Medal 5th October 2007 N.K. Tovey (杜伟贤) M.A, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv Н.К.Тови М.А., д-р технических наук Energy Science DirectorCRedProject HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation CRed 1

  2. Teaching wall Library Student residences Original buildings 2

  3. Nelson Court Constable Terrace 3

  4. Constable Terrace - 1993 • Four Storey Student Residence • Divided into “houses” of 10 • units each with en-suite facilities • Heat Recovery of body and cooking • heat ~ 50%. • Insulation standards exceed 2006 • standards • Small 250 W panel heaters in • individual rooms.

  5. Low Energy Educational Buildings Medical School Phase 2 ZICER Elizabeth Fry Building Nursing and Midwifery School Medical School

  6. The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994 Cost ~6% more but has heating requirement ~25% of average building at time. Building Regulations have been updated: 1994, 2002, 2006, but building outperforms all of these. Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler.

  7. Conservation: management improvements – User Satisfaction thermal comfort +28% air quality +36% lighting +25% noise +26% Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption. A Low Energy Building is also a better place to work in

  8. ZICER Building Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005 awarded by the Carbon Trust. • Heating Energy consumption as new in 2003 was reduced by further 50% by careful record keeping, management techniques and an adaptive approach to control. • Incorporates 34 kW of Solar Panels on top floor

  9. The ZICER Building - Description • Four storeys high and a basement • Total floor area of 2860 sq.m • Two construction types • Main part of the building • High in thermal mass • Air tight • High insulation standards • Triple glazing with low emissivity Structural Engineers: Whitby Bird

  10. The ground floor open plan office The first floor open plan office The first floor cellular offices

  11. Operation of Main Building Regenerative heat exchanger Mechanically ventilated using hollow core slabs as air supply ducts. Incoming air into the AHU

  12. Operation of Main Building Filter Heater Air passes through hollow cores in the ceiling slabs Air enters the internal occupied space

  13. Space for future chilling Return air passes through the heat exchanger Operation of Main Building Recovers 87% of Ventilation Heat Requirement. Out of the building Return stale air is extracted

  14. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Warm air Warm air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. Air Temperature is same as building fabric leading to a more pleasant working environment Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room Slabs store heat from appliances and body heat Winter Day

  15. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Cool air Cool air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. In late afternoon heating is turned off. Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room Slabs also radiate heat back into room Winter Night

  16. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Cold air Cold air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. night ventilation/ free cooling Draws out the heat accumulated during the day Cools the slabs to act as a cool store the following day Summer night

  17. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Warm air Warm air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. Slabs pre-cool the air before entering the occupied space concrete absorbs and stores heat less/no need for air-conditioning Summer day

  18. Good Management has reduced Energy Requirements 800 350 Space Heating Consumption reduced by 57%

  19. Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER as built compared to other heating/cooling strategies Naturally Ventilated 221508GJ Air Conditioned 384967GJ As Built 209441GJ Materials Production Materials Transport On site construction energy Workforce Transport Intrinsic Heating / Cooling energy Functional Energy Refurbishment Energy Demolition Energy 28% 54% 34% 51% 29% 61%

  20. Comparison of Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER Comparisons assume identical size, shape and orientation Compared to the Air-conditioned office, ZICER recovers extra energy required in construction in under 1 year.

  21. ZICER Building Photo shows only part of top Floor • Top floor is an exhibition area – also to promote PV • Windows are semi transparent • Mono-crystalline PV on roof ~ 27 kW in 10 arrays • Poly- crystalline on façade ~ 6/7 kW in 3 arrays

  22. Performance of PV cells on ZICER

  23. Performance of PV cells on ZICER Load factors Output per unit area Little difference between orientations in winter months

  24. Performance of PV cells on ZICER - January All arrays of cells on roof have similar performance respond to actual solar radiation Radiation is shown as percentage of mid-day maximum to highlight passage of clouds The three arrays on the façade respond differently

  25. 120 150 180 210 240 Orientation relative to True North

  26. Arrangement of Cells on Facade Individual cells are connected horizontally If individual cells are connected vertically, only those cells actually in shadow are affected. As shadow covers one column all cells are inactive

  27. Use of PV generated energy Use of PV generated energy Peak output is 34 kW Peak output is 34 kW Sometimes electricity is exported Sometimes electricity is exported Inverters are only 91% efficient Inverters are only 91% efficient Most use is for computers Most use is for computers DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficient DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficient Need an integrated approach 28 Need an integrated approach

  28. Performance of PV cells on ZICER Cost of Generated Electricity Grant was ~ £172 000 out of a total of ~ £480 000

  29. 3% Radiation Losses 11% Flue Losses GAS Exhaust Heat Exchanger Engine Generator 36% Electricity 50% Heat Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP Localised generation makes use of waste heat. Reduces conversion losses significantly 36%efficient 61% Flue Losses 86%efficient Engine heat Exchanger

  30. Conversion efficiency improvements Before installation After installation This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide

  31. Conversion efficiency improvements Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectively More electricity could be generated in summer

  32. Conversion Efficiency Improvements Heat rejected Compressor Condenser Throttle Valve Evaporator Heat extracted for cooling Normal Chilling High Temperature High Pressure Low Temperature Low Pressure

  33. ConversionEfficiency Improvements Heat from external source Heat rejected Desorber Heat Exchanger Condenser Throttle Valve W ~ 0 Evaporator Absorber Heat extracted for cooling Adsorption Chilling High Temperature High Pressure Low Temperature Low Pressure

  34. A 1 MW Adsorption chiller • Adsorption Heat pump uses Waste Heat from CHP • Will provide most of chilling requirements in summer • Will reduce electricity demand in summer • Will increase electricity generated locally • Save 500 – 700 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually

  35. The Future: Advanced Gasifier Biomass CHP Plant UEA has grown by over 40% since 2000 and energy demand is increasing. • New Biomass Plant will provide an extra 1.4MWe , and 2MWth • Will produce gas from waste wood which is then used as fuel for CHP plant • Under 7 year payback • Local wood fuel from waste wood and local sustainable sources • Will reduce Carbon Emissions of UEA by a further 35%

  36. Comparison of Carbon Emissions from Heating & Hot Water

  37. Reducing Carbon Emissions at the University of East Anglia Reduction with biomass Reduction with biomass When completed the biomass station will reduce total emissions by 32% compared to 2006 and 24.5% compared to 1990

  38. Target Day Results of the “Big Switch-Off” With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possible How can these be translated into long term savings?

  39. Managing the Climate Dimension Index 1960 = 100 Thermal Comfort is important: Even in ideal environment 2.5% of people will be too cold and 2.5% will be too hot. Estimate heating and cooling requirements from Degree Days Heating requirements are ~10+% less than in 1960 Cooling requirements are 75% higher than in 1960. Changing norm for clothing from a business suite to shirt and tie will reduce “clo” value from 1.0 to ~ 0.6. To a safari suite ~ 0.5. Equivalent thermal comfort can be achieved with around 0.15 to 0.2 change in “clo” for each 1 oC change in internal environment. Data for UK

  40. A Pathway to a Low Carbon Future for business • Awareness Management Offsetting Green Tariffs Renewable Energy Technical Measures

  41. Conclusions • Buildings built to low energy standards have cost ~ 5% more, but savings have recouped extra costs in around 5 years. • Ventilation heat requirements can be large and efficient heat recovery is important. • Effective adaptive energy management can reduce heating energy requirements in a low energy building by 50% or more. • Photovoltaic cells need to take account of intended use of electricity use in building to get the optimum value. • Building scale CHP can reduce carbon emissions significantly • Adsorption chilling should be included to ensure optimum utilisation of CHP plant, to reduce electricity demand, and allow increased generation of electricity locally. • Promoting Awareness can result in up to 25% savings • The Future for UEA: Biomass CHP, Wind Turbines? "If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading." 43 LaoTzu (604-531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher

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