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The Biology of the Mind

The Biology of the Mind. Neuroscience and Behavior. What are neurons?. How do they transmit information?. Neurons. Nerve cells Basic building blocks of the body’s information processing system. Made up of Dendrites Axons. Dendrites. Receive information. Axon fibers.

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The Biology of the Mind

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  1. The Biology of the Mind Neuroscience and Behavior

  2. What are neurons? • How do they transmit information?

  3. Neurons • Nerve cells • Basic building blocks of the body’s information processing system. • Made up of • Dendrites • Axons

  4. Dendrites • Receive information

  5. Axon fibers • Transmit information to other • Neurons • Muscles • Glands

  6. How do neurons communicate to other cells to influence our behavior?

  7. Synapse (Synaptic gap) • Chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) bridge the gap

  8. Neurotransmitters • Enable communication between neurons

  9. Endorphins • Neurotransmitters (similar to morphine) • Reduces pain • E.g. Childbirth

  10. What are the parts of your nervous system? • What do these parts do?

  11. Nervous system • Central nervous system • Brain and spinal column • Peripheral nervous system • Links central nervous system (spinal cord) to sense receptors, muscles and glands

  12. Nervous system

  13. Peripheral Nervous System • Sympathetic nervous system (Arousing) • Increases heartbeat & blood pressure • Parasympathetic nervous system (Calming)

  14. Central Nervous system • Brain and spinal column • Severed spinal cord E.g. • Bill - No genital sensations, but has an erection when stimulated.

  15. Reflex • Simple reflex pathway • Knee-jerk reaction • A headless warm body could do it

  16. Older Brain Structures Brainstemthe oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. Responsible for automatic survival functions.

  17. Brain Stem Medulla [muh-DUL-uh] base of the brainstem, controls heartbeat and breathing. Reticular Formationa nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.

  18. Cerebellum • Coordinates movements

  19. Cerebral cortex

  20. Cerebral cortex comparison • Best distinguishes us from other animals

  21. Association areas of cortex

  22. Phineas gage • Damage to frontal lobe

  23. Sensory & Motor cortex

  24. Visual & auditory cortex

  25. Reading out loud

  26. Hearing, Seeing,Speaking

  27. Corpus Callosum • Transmits information from one cerebral hemisphere to the other

  28. Internal brain Overview

  29. Amygdala Amygdala [ah-MIG-dah-la] two almond-shaped neural clusters linked to emotion of fear and anger.

  30. Hypothalamus Hypothalamus lies below (hypo) the thalamus; directs several maintenance activities like eating, drinking body temperature, and emotions. Helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

  31. Recording the brain’s activity • Creating images of the brain’s activity

  32. Electroencephalogram (EEG) • Brain waves - Recording electrical activity

  33. Brain imaging techniques (creating images) • CT scan • PET scan • MRI scan

  34. CT Scan • Computed tomography • X-ray photographs

  35. MRI Scan (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) • Magnetic fields and radio waves create images of the brain’s soft tissues. • Normal Schizophrenic

  36. PET Scan • Positron emission tomography scan • Radioactive glucose

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