Crisis in the Colonies

1. Crisis in the Colonies Chapter 5

2. France claimed the land from the St. Lawrence River west to the Great Lakes and south to the Gulf of Mexico. Great Lakes St. Lawrence River Gulf of Mexico The most serious threat to the English colonies came from France. French and Indian War By the 1740s English settlers began moving west into the Ohio Valley to get in on the fur trade.

3. Native Americans Choose Sides • Native Americans did not want to give up the land to European settlers (French or English) but the conflict between the two countries became too big. • Native American decided the only way to protect their way of life was to pick sides. • French – most Native Americans sided with the French. • Algonquins • Hurons • English • Iroquois • English made a trade deal with them • the Iroquois were long time enemies of the Algonquins and Hurons

4. Date: 1754 – 1763 Called the French and Indian War because it was the English against France and their Native American allies. Also called the Seven Year’s War.

5. George Washington 22 years old Fighting Begins The French were building forts in the Ohio River Valley. Governor of Virginia sent a Lt. Col. in the Virginia militia on a diplomatic mission to talk with the French at Fort Dunquesne. George Washington Washington had with him a Seneca Indian chief, Tanacharison. He hates the French – he claims that the French boiled and ate his father.

6. French Fort Duquesne

7. On the way Washington stumbled across French troops. Nobody knows who fired the first shot. It lasted 15 minutes. The French were outnumbered and surprised – Washington’s men killed 10, wounded 1 and took 21 prisoners.

8. One of the wounded men was Joseph Coulon de Villiers, sieur de Jumonville. As he sat there he spoke (in French) to Washington – “we came on a peace mission…why did you attack us?” Before Washington had time to have it translated Tanacharison killed Jumonville.

9. Fort Necessity Washington built a makeshift fort and waited for reinforcements.

11. On July 3rd, 1754 the first French soldiers appeared on the horizon about 600 yards from the fort.

12. The slow-paced slaughter lasted for nine hours. • Washington lost 100 men • French lost 5 men • Washington signed the Articles of Capitulation • - in this document he took responsibility for the “assassination” of Jumonville.

13. Most of the fighting took place in the Ohio River Valley.

14. Albany Congress Representatives of seven of the Colonies met in Albany, New York from June 19 – July 11, 1754 • New Hampshire - Connecticut • New York - Maryland • Pennsylvania - Massachusetts • Rhode Island

15. Benjamin Franklin • 1. They wanted to discuss better relations with Indian tribes (Iroquois) REJECTED! The colonial assemblies rejected the Plan of Union because they did not want to give up any of its powers to a central council Purpose • They also wanted to plan a united colonial defense called the Albany Plan of Union. • - It was created by Benjamin Franklin • - Grand Council (made up of elected representatives from each colony.) • They would make laws, raise taxes, and set up the defense of the colonies

16. The war in North America was not going well for the British in the beginning. They were spread thin on resources because they were also fighting wars in Europe. WAR WAR

17. William Pitt became the head of the British government in 1757. • He had a new plan for winning the French and Indian War • Focus all attention on winning the war in North America because then they would be free to focus on victory in other parts of the world. • sent the best generals • offered colonists money for military service and supplies

18. Fall of New France • Quebec was vital to the defense of New France. Without it they would not be able to supply their forts farther up the St. Lawrence River.

19. Battle of the Plains of Abraham • September 13 - 18, 1759 • The French thought the cliff was too steep to climb so they were not defending it. • The British were able to climb the cliff and surprise the French. The French surrendered • The fall of Quebec sealed the fate of New France

20. Treaty of Paris 1763 • The fighting between France and Great Britain went on in Europe for several more years. It finally ended in 1763.

21. Treaty of Paris 1763 • 1. Britain gained Canada and all French lands east of the Mississippi River except New Orleans.

22. Treaty of Paris 1763 • 2. Spain, which had entered the war on the French side in 1762, gave up Florida to Britain

23. Treaty of Paris 1763 • 3. Spain received all French land west of the Mississippi and New Orleans

24. Proclamation of 1763 • As the English colonists continued to move west they clashed with Native Americans • In order to stop conflicts Parliament passed the Proclamation of 1763. • Forbid colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains • - All settlers already west of the line were to remove themselves at once

25. Britain sent 10,000 troops to enforce it. • The proclamation angered colonists. • Some colonies claimed land in that area • colonists had to pay for the troops there to enforce it.

26. New Problems • 1. A great national debt: Britain had amassed a huge national debt of about 130 million pounds from the war. (2.5 trillion today) Now that the French and Indian War was over Great Britain faced new problems • 2. A vast area to administer: Britain had new territories and had to protect the old colonies and maintain peace with the Indians

27. The French and Indian War was fought to protect the colonists so they should help pay for it. Prime minister George Grenville decided that the colonists in North America should help share the burden. Several acts were created to control the colonies and to increase revenue to pay off debt. This strategy by the British improved revenues tenfold after 1763.

28. New British Taxes Sugar Act 1764 * put a new tax on molasses * was lower than an earlier tax on molasses (combat colonial smuggling) * the law also made it easier for British officials to bring colonial smugglers to trial – Grenville wanted to be clear that he expected this tax to be paid

29. Stamp Act 1765 * Placed new duties on legal documents such as wills, marriage papers, and diplomas * Also taxed dice, cards, newspapers, and almanacs * All items had to carry a stamp that showed the tax had been paid

30. taxed goods such as paper, paint, lead and glass • included the Writs of Assistance which allowed customs officials to search ships cargoes without a reason (no warrants were needed) • this was a violation of rights guaranteed to British citizens Townshend Acts 1767

31. Colonists Protest The colonists, who were ruled minimally from Britain, enjoyed governing themselves. “No Taxation Without Representation” – Colonists protested by created and circulated petitions and boycotting British products Colonists formed the Sons and Daughters of Liberty.

32. Sons of Liberty attacking a tax collector Some more radical colonists showed their dislike of the taxes by holding mock hangings and tarring and feathering tax collectors.

33. Britain’s trade went down by 14% because of the colonists’ boycotts. British merchants petitioned parliament Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766.

34. Samuel Adams New Colonial Leaders Sam Adams – great organizer of rallies, protests and public support. Sons of Liberty Created the Committees of Correspondence – it was a way to inform colonists of what was happening in Boston

35. Mercy Otis Warren – wrote plays criticizing British officials Mercy Otis Warren

36. Patrick Henry “Give me liberty or give me death” Patrick Henry – lawyer, outstanding public speaker.

37. John Adams – lawyer, extremely intelligent and well versed in British law John Adams Abigail Adams – Helped to advise her husband. Helped to lead women during the independence movement.

38. Boston Massacre Boston was a center of protest Colonial assemblies refused to obey and the British send troops to enforce the law and protect customs officials Colonists were forced to Quarter British soldiers (Quartering Act)

39. March 5, 1770 A crowd gathered outside a customs house. They began throwing ice and snow at the British soldiers The crowd grew larger and rowdier and the soldiers panicked and fired into the crowed. 5 colonists were killed. CrispusAttucks (an African American sailor) were the 1st killed

40. Boston Massacre Trial The British soldiers were arrested and tried for killing the colonists. John Adams was their lawyer. He wanted to prove that the British could get a fair trial in the colonies.

41. Adams successfully defended the British soldiers arguing that the crowd had provoked the soldiers.

42. Most were acquitted and two were found guilty of manslaughter. They were branded (M for manslaughter) on the hand and sent back to Britain

43. Paul Revere made an engraving of the event called “The Bloody Massacre” The picture misrepresented the event and enraged colonists.

44. Impact of the Boston Massacre On the same day as the Boston Massacre Parliament repealed most of the Townshend Acts and the Quartering Act. King George III asked Parliament to retain the tax on tea. “there must always be one tax to keep up the right to tax” The boycott of British goods ended

45. From Protest to Revolution Tea Act 1773 Before the Tea Act: British East India Company bought tea in Asia and sold it to colonial merchants who sold it to the colonists for more than they paid for it $4 $6 $6 plus tax $6.25 $8 The Tea Act of 1773: British government allowed BEIC to sell directly to colonists, cutting out the colonial merchants. It also added a small tax to the tea.

46. No Taxation without Representation Colonists protested It cut me out of the trade and out of a job! • hurt colonial merchants

47. Boston Tea Party Colonists heard of 7 ships with the taxed tea were headed for the colonies. 4 -Boston 1- Philadelphia 1- New York 1-Charleston

48. Boston Tea Party Colonists, through protest, were successful in getting all ships to return to England…..except in Boston. No Taxation without Representation!! We will not allow that tea to enter the colonies!!

49. Boston Tea Party Protestors in Boston held a town meeting to discuss the issue. They asked the Massachusetts governor, Thomas Hutchinson, to have the ships removed from the harbor. He refused. "This meeting can do nothing further to save the country." Samuel Adams

50. Boston Tea Party Sam Adams and the Sons of Liberty, some dressed as Mohawk Indians, boarded the British ships loaded with tea. They threw 342 chests of tea into the Boston harbor.