Participles: Overview

1. Participles: Overview Participles are simply Verbal Adjectives; that means they are adjectives that are derived from verbs. As such, Participles share come characteristics of verbs, and some of adjectives. Like Verbs, Participles have: 1. Tense 2. Voice Like Adjectives, Participles have: 1. Gender, Number, and Case And, like all Adjectives, Participles modify Nouns or Pronouns and agree with the nouns they modify in G.N.C.

2. Participles: Overview Participles are used to express that a person is doing an action without using a finite verb. Rather, we express the verbal action as an adjective modifying the person doing the action (if the voice of the Participle is active) or having the action done upon him (if the voice of the Participle is passive).

3. Participles: Overview Exempla: The boy was walking down the street and was hit by a car.  The boy, walking down the street, was hit by a car. Adjective expressing verbal action, modifying boy, replaces the verb The driver hit the boy and drove away.  The driver, having hit the boy, drove away. Adjective expressing verbal action, modifying driver, replaces the verb

4. Participles: Overview Exempla: The boy was put in the ambulance and taken to the hospital. The boy, having been put in the ambulance, was Adjective expressing verbal action, modifying boy, replaces the verb taken to the hospital. NB: In these examples, “walking” and “having hit” are active voice, “having been put” is passive voice.

5. Participles: Overview In Latin, as noted above, Participles have (1) Tense and (2) Voice. But there are not Participles for each tense. There are only four types of Participles in Latin: Tense Active Passive Present   Perfect   Future  

6. Participles: Overview As the preceding chart shows, the four types of participles that exist in Latin are: 1. Present Active 2. Perfect Passive 3. Future Active 4. Future Passive Note that there is NO Present Passive or Perfect Active (except for Deponent Verbs) Participle. Each of these participial forms must be learned in its own turn.

7. I. Present Active Participles The Present Active Participle is in form a 3rd Declension Adjective of One Termination formed off the Present Stem (2nd P.P. minus –re) of a verb. Forming these participles correctly therefore requires that we remember our rules for (1) Declining 3rd Declension Adjectives (2) Changing the Thematic Vowel at the end of the Present Stem

8. I. Present Active Participles Like the verb tenses, we can write an equation to express the rules for forming the Present Active Participle: Pres. Act. Part. = Imperfect Stem + ns, ntis By “Imperfect Stem”, we mean the Present Stem with the Thematic Vowel at the end changed in the same way we change the Thematic Vowel in forming the Imperfect, i.e., 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd–io 4th -a -e -e -ie -ie

9. I. Present Active Participles NB: A Suffix is a group of letters that are added onto the end of a word to change its meaning. Some suffixes mark differences in verb tense: I walk v. I walked Others change a word from one part of speech to another: To walk v. Walking In Latin, adding the Suffix –ns, ntis to a the Present stem of a verb changes the word from a verb into an adjective, the Present Active Participle.

10. I. Present Active Participles Pres. Act. Part. = Imperfect Stem + ns, ntis T.V. 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd –io 4th -a -e -e -ie -ie 1st Conjugation: Exemplum: amo, amāre, amavi, amatus Stem = amā + ns, ntis M/F N M/F N Amans Amans Amantes Amantia Amantis Amantium Amanti Amantibus Amantem Amans Amantes Amantia Amante Amantibus

11. I. Present Active Participles Pres. Act. Part. = Imperfect Stem + ns, ntis T.V. 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd –io 4th -a -e -e -ie -ie 2nd Conjugation: Exemplum: habeo, habēre, habui, habitus Stem = habē + ns, ntis M/F N M/F N Habens Habens Habentes Habentia Habentis Habentium Habenti Habentibus Habentem Habens Habentes Habentia Habente Habentibus

12. I. Present Active Participles Pres. Act. Part. = Imperfect Stem + ns, ntis T.V. 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd –io 4th -a -e -e -ie -ie 3rd Conjugation: Exemplum: duco, ducere, duxi, ductus Stem = duce + ns, ntis M/F N M/F N Ducens Ducens Ducentes Ducentia Ducentis Ducentium Ducenti Ducentibus Ducentem Ducens Ducentes Ducentia Ducente Ducentibus

13. I. Present Active Participles Pres. Act. Part. = Imperfect Stem + ns, ntis T.V. 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd –io 4th -a -e -e -ie -ie 3rd –io Conjugation: Exemplum: capio, capere, cepi, captus Stem = capie + ns, ntis M/F N M/F N Capiens Capiens Capientes Capientia Capientis Capientium Capienti Capientibus Capientem Capiens Capientes Capientia Capiente Capientibus

14. I. Present Active Participles Pres. Act. Part. = Imperfect Stem + ns, ntis T.V. 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd –io 4th -a -e -e -ie -ie 4th Conjugation: Exemplum: audio, audīre, audivi, auditus Stem = audie + ns, ntis M/F N M/F N Audiens Audiens Audientes Audientia Audientis Audientium Audienti Audientibus Audientem Audiens Audientes Audientia Audiente Audientibus

15. I. Present Active Participles:Translating the Participle The Present Active Participle in Latin, just as in English, is formed by adding a suffix onto the stem of a verb. For this reason, we can most easily render the Latin Present Active Participle by simply adding the English participial suffix –ing onto the end of the English meaning of the Latin Verb. As noted above, the Present Active Participle is an adjective and so, like all adjectives in Latin, will agree with the noun it modifies in Gender, Number, and Case. Therefore, when translating a Participle into English, we have to pay careful attention to the function in the sentence of the noun or pronoun it modifies.

16. I. Present Active Participles:Translating the Participle NB: The Direct Object of a Participle Remember that Participles are derived from Verbs and share certain characteristics with verbs: (1) Tense (2) Voice And, because Participles have Voice, if the voice is active and the verb of the Participle is Transitive, the Participle may also have a (3) Direct Object

17. I. Present Active Participles:Translating the Participle NB: Translating the Tense of the Participle In Latin, the tense of the Participle ALWAYS indicates what is called “Relative Time”. This means that the Tense of the Participle indicates not the particular time the action of the Participle took place, but rather only when it took place relative to the action of the main verb. This sounds complicated, but it’s not; in fact it works exactly the same way in English.

18. I. Present Active Participles:Translating the Participle NB: Translating the Tense of the Participle The Tenses of Participles show the Relative Time between the main verb and the participle according to the following relationship: Participial Tense Time Relative to Main Verb 1. Present Contemporaneous Time 2. Perfect Time Prior 3. Future Time Future

19. I. Present Active Participles:Translating the Participle NB: Translating the Tense of the Participle Therefore, whenever Latin wishes to express that the action of the main verb occurred at the same time as the action of the Participle, the Present Active Participle will be used.

20. I. Present Active Participles:Translating the Participle Exempla: Abicientes arma milites proelium fugiebant. Capiens gladium occicere hostem temptavit. Taedis ardentibus viam lustrabamus.

21. I. Present Active Participles:Translating the Participle Exempla: Abicientes arma milites proelium fugiebant. Throwing away their arms, the soldiers were fleeing the battle Capiens gladium occicere hostem temptavit. Seizing his sword he tried to kill his enemy. Taedis ardentibus viam lustrabamus. With burning torches we were lighting the way.

22. II. Perfect Passive Participles The Perfect Passive Participle is one of the easiest forms to master in Latin, because, in theory, you should already know it, even if you don’t know you do. The Perfect Passive Participle is formed simply by adding the adjectival suffix –tus, -a, -um (sometimes –sus, -a, -um) to the end of the stem of a verb, most often the Present Active Stem. Where have you seen such a form before?

23. II. Perfect Passive Participles That’s right, the Perfect Passive Participle is simply the Fourth Principle Part of a verb – now you know why you were told to memorize ALL the Principle Parts when learning vocabulary – and you do not change the Fourth Principle Part in any way to create the Perfect Passive Participle; the two are one and the same.

24. II. Perfect Passive Participles In form, then, the Perfect Passive Participle is simply an adjective of the 1st and 2nd Declension and so behaves like any other 1st and 2nd Declension Adjective: Noun GenderDeclension Pattern Feminine  1st Declension Endings Masculine  2nd Declension Masculine Endings Neuter  2nd Declension Neuter Endings As always, it agrees with the noun it modifies in Gender, Number, and Case, but not necessarily Declension.

25. II. Perfect Passive Participles NB: In your dictionary and homework, the 4th P.P. often is listed ending in –um. This is just a convention for dictionaries, don’t be confused: the 4th P.P. is ALWAYS a 1st and 2nd Declension Adjective, and you must understand the –um ending of the 4th P.P. as a shorthand for –us, –a, –um.

26. II. Perfect Passive Participles 1st Conjugation: Exemplum: amo, amāre, amavi, amatus Puella Amata Puer Amatus Somnium Amatum Puellae Amatae Pueri Amati Somnii Amati Puellae Amatae Puero Amato Somnio Amato Puellam Amatam Puerum Amatum Somnium Amatum Puellā Amatā Puero Amato Somnio Amato Puellae Amatae Pueri Amati Somnia Amata Puellarum Amatarum Puerorum Amatorum Somniorum Amatorum Puellis Amatis Pueris Amatis Somniis Amatis Puellas Amatas Pueros Amatos Somnia Amata Puellis Amatis Pueris Amatis Somniis Amatis

27. II. Perfect Passive Participles 2nd Conjugation: Exemplum: habeo, habēre, habui, habitus Puella Habita Puer Habitus Somnium Habitum Puellae Habitae Pueri Habiti Somnii Habiti Puellae Habitae Puero Habito Somnio Habito Puellam Habitam Puerum Habitum Somnium Habitum Puellā Habitā Puero Habito Somnio Habito Puellae Habitae Pueri Habiti Somnia Habita Puellarum Habitarum Puerorum Habitorum Somniorum Habitorum Puellis Habitis Pueris Habitis Somniis Habitis Puellas Habitas Pueros Habitos Somnia Habita Puellis Habitis Pueris Habitis Somniis Habitis

28. II. Perfect Passive Participles 3rd Conjugation: Exemplum: duco, ducere, duxi, ductus Puella Ducta Puer Ductus Somnium Ductum Puellae Ductae Pueri Ducti Somnii Ducti Puellae Ductae Puero Ducto Somnio Ducto Puellam Ductam Puerum Ductum Somnium Ductum Puellā Ductā Puero Ducto Somnio Ducto Puellae Ductae Pueri Ducti Somnia Ducta Puellarum Ductarum Puerorum Ductorum Somniorum Ductorum Puellis Ductis Pueris Ductis Somniis Ductis Puellas Ductas Pueros Ductos Somnia Ducta Puellis Ductis Pueris Ductis Somniis Ductis

29. II. Perfect Passive Participles 3rd –io Conjugation: Exemplum: capio, capere, cepi, captus Puella Capta Puer Captus Somnium Captum Puellae Captae Pueri Capti Somnii Capti Puellae Captae Puero Capto Somnio Capto Puellam Captam Puerum Captum Somnium Captum Puellā Captā Puero Capto Somnio Capto Puellae Captae Pueri Capti Somnia Capta Puellarum Captarum Puerorum Captorum Somniorum Captorum Puellis Captis Pueris Captis Somniis Captis Puellas Captas Pueros Captos Somnia Capta Puellis Captis Pueris Captis Somniis Captis

30. II. Perfect Passive Participles 4th Conjugation: Exemplum: audio, audīre, audivi, auditus Puella Audita Puer Auditus Somnium Auditum Puellae Auditae Pueri Auditi Somnii Auditi Puellae Auditae Puero Audito Somnio Audito Puellam Auditam Puerum Auditum Somnium Auditum Puellā Auditā Puero Audito Somnio Audito Puellae Auditae Pueri Auditi Somnia Audita Puellarum Auditarum Puerorum Auditorum Somniorum Auditorum Puellis Auditis Pueris Auditis Somniis Auditis Puellas Auditas Pueros Auditos Somnia Audita Puellis Auditis Pueris Auditis Somniis Auditis

31. II. Perfect Passive Participles:Translating the Participle When translating the Perfect Passive Participle, we must always pay attention to the Tense and Voice of the Participle. Since the Tense is Perfect, we use the Participle of the helping verb “have”, i.e., having. Since the Voice is Passive, we use the helping verb “been” with the suffix –ed added to the meaning of the verb. In total, then, we usually translate the Perfect Passive Participle with the phrase “having been ----ed.”

32. II. Perfect Passive Participles:Translating the Participle NB: Sometimes the Perfect Passive Participle will not make sense in English translated with “having been ----ed.” In these instances, we can translate the Perfect Passive Participle using a dependent clause, usually a Relative Clause, but the Voice and Tense must remain the same.

33. II. Perfect Passive Participles:Translating the Participle Exemplum: Miles hostem occisum in rogam posuit. The soldier placed the enemy, having been killed, on the pyre. = The soldier placed the enemy who had been killed on the pyre.

34. II. Perfect Passive Participles:Translating the Participle NB: Translating the Tense of the Participle As with the Present Active Participle, the Tense of the Perfect Passive Participle indicates Relative Time, not Absolute Time. The chart we saw earlier tells us that the Perfect Tense of the Participle is used to indicate Time Prior to that of the Main Verb. Therefore, whenever Latin wishes to express that the action of the Participle occurred BEFORE the action of the Main Verb, the Perfect Passive Participle will be used.

35. II. Perfect Passive Participles:Translating the Participle Milites capti se hostibus tradiderunt. Pueri puniti se gerebant melius. Dona missa accipiet. Gazam amissam dux invenit.

36. II. Perfect Passive Participles:Translating the Participle Milites capti se hostibus tradiderunt. The soldiers, having been captured, gave themselves over to the enemy. Pueri puniti se gerebant melius. The boys, having been punished, were conducting themselves better.

37. II. Perfect Passive Participles:Translating the Participle Dona missa accipiet. He will receive the gifts having been sent. = He will receive the gifts that were sent. Gaza amissa dux invenit. The leader finds the treasure having been lost. = The leader finds the treasure that had been lost.