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Cellular Processes

Cellular Processes. Photosynthesis. Vocabulary. Autotroph - organisms able to produce its own food Heterotroph - organisms that rely on other organisms for a source of energy Examples: Autotrophs – plants Heterotrophs -humans. Vocabulary Continued.

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Cellular Processes

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  1. Cellular Processes Photosynthesis

  2. Vocabulary • Autotroph- organisms able to produce its own food • Heterotroph- organisms that rely on other organisms for a source of energy • Examples: Autotrophs – plants • Heterotrophs -humans

  3. Vocabulary Continued • Photosynthesis-The conversion of light energy to chemical energy stored in organic compounds • ATP-Adenosine Triphosphate ... ENERGY • Reactants are on the left side of the equation • Products on the right side of the equation Reactants  Products (Reactants yield Products) A + B C + D

  4. Chemical Equation for photosynthesis is Sunlight 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon Dioxide Water Glucose Oxygen Occurs in the chloroplast Photosynthesis is carried out by plants. PHOTOSYNTHESIS

  5. 6H2O + 6CO2 ----------> C6H12O6+ 6O2

  6. Photosynthesis • Carried out in two phases called • 1) Light Dependent Reaction • 2) Light Independent Reaction or Calvin Cycle

  7. Phase 1 – Light reactions Absorption of light- captured in the Chloroplast. Chloroplast contain disc like structures called thylakoids. The thylakoids look like stacks of pancakes. The stacks of thylakoids are called Granum. All stacks together are Grana Light will split the water molecule (H2O becomes H ions and Oxygen) Produces NADPH and ATP to use in the light-independent reactions.

  8. Inside the Chloroplast

  9. The Three Energy Conversions • The light reactions can be split into the following steps. • Light absorption. • Movement of energized electrons through an electron transport chain. (ETC) • Forming of NADPH (energy carrier). • ATP and NADPH (energy carriers) take energy to the Calvin Cycle.

  10. The Electron Transport Chain • The Electron transport chain is made up of proteins that accept and transfer the electrons. The electrons are passed from protein to protein and energy is given off along the way.

  11. Formation of NADPH • Electrons at the end of the “chain” are used to make NADPH from NADP+. • NADP+ + 2e- + H+ NADPH • NADPH is an energy carrier molecule that takes energy to the stroma for the Calvin Cycle.

  12. Phase II – Light independent Inside the chloroplast is another region called the stroma. The stroma is the area between the thylakoids. This is where the light-independent reaction or Calvin cycle occurs. Calvin cycle takes the NADPH and ATP and uses it to convert carbon dioxide into glucose Six molecules of carbon dioxide enter the Calvin Cycle, eventually producing one molecule of glucose.

  13. Photosynthesis and The Calvin Cycle

  14. QUESTIONS: What is the goal of photosynthesis? How is this energy stored? In what phase is this goal accomplished?

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