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Chapter 12

Chapter 12. Marriage, Work, and Economics. Chapter Outline. Workplace/family Linkages The Familial Division of Labor: Women in the Labor Force Dual-earner Marriages Atypical Dual-earners: Shift Couples and Peer Marriages. Chapter Outline. Employment and the Family Life Cycle

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Chapter 12

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  1. Chapter 12 Marriage, Work,and Economics

  2. Chapter Outline • Workplace/family Linkages • The Familial Division of Labor: Women in the Labor Force • Dual-earner Marriages • Atypical Dual-earners: Shift Couples and Peer Marriages

  3. Chapter Outline • Employment and the Family Life Cycle • Family Issues in the Workplace • Living Without Work: Unemployment and Families • Poverty • Workplace and Family Policy

  4. Families and Work • Families may be examined as economic units bound by emotional ties. • Families are involved in two types of work: • paid work at the workplace • family work- unpaid work in the household

  5. Employment and Family Life • Work spillover is the effect employment has on the time, energy, and psychological functioning of workers and their families at home. • Role strain refers to difficulties individuals have in carrying out multiple responsibilities attached to a role. • Role overload occurs when the activities for one or more roles are greater than an individual can handle.

  6. Sociologist Ann Oakley: The Homemaker Role • Four primary aspects: • Exclusive allocation to women, rather than to adults of both sexes. • Association with economic dependence. • Status as nonwork, which is distinct from “real,” economically productive paid employment. • Primacy to women—that is, having priority over other women’s roles.

  7. Characteristics Of Housework • It isolates the person at home. • It is unstructured, monotonous, and repetitive. • It is often a restricted, full-time role. • It is autonomous. • It is “never done”. • It may involve child rearing. • It often involves role strain. • It is unpaid.

  8. Women’s Decision to Enter the Labor Force • Financial factors: To what extent is income significant? • For unmarried women and single mothers, employment may be their only source of income. • Social norms • How accepting is the social environment for married women and mothers?

  9. Women’s Decision to Enter the Labor Force • Self-fulfillment • Does a job meet needs for autonomy, personal growth, and recognition? • Attitudes about employment and family • Does the woman believe she can meet the demands of her family responsibilities and her job?

  10. Findings From a Study of Two Parent Families • Mothers spend from 3 to 5 hours of active involvement for every hour fathers spend. • Mothers’ involvement is oriented toward practical daily activities, such as feeding, bathing, and dressing. • Fathers’ time is generally spent in play.

  11. Findings From a Study of Two Parent Families • Mothers are almost entirely responsible for child care: planning, organizing, scheduling, supervising, and delegating. • Women are the primary caretakers; men are the secondary.

  12. Contemporary Arrangements • Shift households - where spouses work opposite shifts and alternate domestic and caregiver responsibilities. • Households in which men stay home with children while women support the family financially.

  13. Three Basic Work/family Life Cycle Models • Traditional- simultaneous work/family life cycle • Sequential work/family role staging • Symmetrical work/family role allocation

  14. Traditional-simultaneous Work/family Life Cycle Model Stages • Establishment/novitiate • New parents/early career • School-age family/middle career • Post parental family/ late career • Aging family/post exit

  15. Economic Distress • Aspects of a family’s economic life that may cause stress: unemployment, poverty, and economic strain. • Unemployment causes family roles to change. • Unemployment most often affects female-headed single-parent families, African-American and Latino families, and young families.

  16. Children Under 18, Below Poverty Level, 1994

  17. Coping Resources: Families in Economic Distress • Individual family members’ positive psychological characteristics • Adaptive family system • Flexible family roles

  18. Recipients of AFDCand TANF 1975–2002

  19. Recipients of AFDCand TANF 1975–2002

  20. Poverty • Almost 14% of the population of the United States lives in poverty. • Poverty generally occurs due to: • Divorce • Birth of a child to an unmarried mother • Unemployment • Illness, disability, or death of the head of the household

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