Segregation and Discrimination

1. Segregation and Discrimination Chapter 8

2. Voting Restrictions • Imposed new voting restrictions. • Limited the vote to people who could read. • Administered a literacy test • Officials could fail or pass them. • Poll Tax • Annual tax they had to pay before qualifying to vote. • Often too poor to pay. • Added Grandfather Clause to reinstate white voters. • Still entitled whites to vote. • Only eligible if father, or grandfather had been eligible before Jan 1. • January 1 • Important Date • Before that time freed slaves did not have the right to vote African Americans Fight Legal Discrimination

3. 1870’s-1880’s • Supreme Court failed to overturn these restrictions. • Southern States passed segregation laws. • Public and Private Facilities • These laws became the JIM CROW LAWS! • Named after a minstrel song. • Allowed as long as they provided the same service. Jim Crow Laws

4. 1896 • Supreme Court • Ruled that the separation of races in public accommodations was legal and did not violate the 14th Amendment. • Established the Doctrine of: • SEPARATE BUT EQUAL! • Permitted legalized racial segregation for almost 60 years. Plessy vs. Ferguson

6. African Americans • Were belittled • Humiliated • Second-Class Citizens • Blacks/Whites never shook hands • Black men always had to remove their hats. • Yield to them while walking. • Booker T. Washington • Work together to achieve social reform. • Violence • Those who did not follow • Faced severe punishments • Lynching • Peaked in the 1880-1890 • Continued into the 20th century • Discrimination in the North • 1900- black began to move north • Forced into segregated neighborhoods Turn of the Century Race Relations

7. Mexican Workers • Worked the Railroads for less money • Debt Peonage • Work off debt to the employer • Excluding the Chinese • 100,000 immigrants in 1880 • Were in segregated schools • Neighborhoods • Strong opposition to Chinese immigration developed, not only in the West. Discrimination In the West

8. Mass Culture

9. Amusement parks • Started in Chicago and New York • Ready for new forms of entertainment • Many cities built small playgrounds • Boosted picnic grounds • Variety of rides. • Bicycling and Tennis • Began as a male only sport • Eventually dropped the crossbar • Women now could ride bikes. • 1890- 10 million bikes were sold in one year. • Took up tennis as well • 1874- Americans will see their first tennis match. American Leisure

10. Spectator Sports • Participated in new sports • Boxing and Baseball • Fans could attend • 20th century became profitable businesses • Baseball • Alexander Cartwright • Set down regulations on an English sport Rounder's. • Five years later • 50 groups • 12 in New York alone. • 1869 • Cincinnati Red Stockings • Led to the formation of the National League. • Had two Negro Leagues • Mark Twain: • “The very symbol…and visible expression of the drive and push and rush and struggle on the raging, tearing, booming 19th century”. Spectator Sportsand Baseball

11. Mass Circulation of Newspapers • Joseph Pulitzer • Bought the New York World in 1883. • Did a large Sunday section • Comics • Sports coverage • Women’s news • William Randolph Hearst • Purchased New York Morning Journal • Sought to outdo Pulitzer • Pulitzer • Used exaggerated tales • Personal scandals • Cruelty • Hypnotism • Imaginary conquest of Mars????? • By 1898, circulation of both papers reached more than one million a day. Spread of Mass Culture

12. 1900 • One art gallery graced every large city. • Thomas Eakins • Embraced realism • Portray life as it was. • Studied anatomy • Used painstaking geometric skills in his work. • Ashcan School • American Art School • Led by Student Robert Henri. • Were soon challenged by European Schools. • Used abstract art • Most found difficult to understand • Called the poor man’s university. • 1900’s free circulating libraries in America in the thousands. Promoting Fine Arts

13. Literacy Rates Rose • Scholars debated the role of literature. • Most preferred to read light fiction. • Dime novels • Glorified adventure tales • Some readers wanted a more realistic portrayal of life. • Mark Twain • American classics of literature. • Huckleberry Finn • Art galleries and libraries to raise cultural standards. Popular Fiction

14. Urban Shopping • Gazing in window displays • The Department Store • Less expensive but reliable • The Chain Store • Woolworths • Advertising • Billboards, houses, rocks, barns • Catalogs and RFD • RFD- system that brought packages to your home, • Sears New Ways to Sell Goods