Age of Revolutions

1. Age of Revolutions

2. Overview • Main Idea #1: French Society was divided up into 3 Estates • 1st Estate – Clergy • 2nd Estate - Nobility • 3rd Estate – Vast Majority of the Population • Main Idea #2: 1st & 2nd Estates lost its power to the 3rd Estate • Main Idea #3: Storming the Bastille was symbolic as the 3rd Estate had dethroned the 1st & 2nd Estate

3. Overview • Section 1; On the Eve of Revolution French people were underpaid, hungry, and poor • French Society was Divided into 3 estates: 1st Estate – clergy; 2nd Estate – nobility; 3rd Estate – majority of the population • The Clergy Enjoy Wealth and privilege stemming from the Middle Ages • Nobles Hold Top Government Jobs, but did not hold much real power • Third Estate Is Vastly Diverse: bourgeoisie (bankers, merchants, lawyers, doctors, and journalists), then everyone else; Third Estate paid all the taxes

4. Bourgeoisie Activity / Color, Symbol, Slogan Activity… *Choose a color, and symbol, and create a slogan representing the bourgeoisie

5. What is the main idea of this cartoon? • Describe the symbolism of at least one item in the cartoon

6. Brain Storm: Can you think of aspects of the Enlightenment that would have begun to influence the French Revolution at this point?

7. The French Revolution

8. Causes of the French Revolution Shortly after the American Revolution, the French decided to have a revolution of their own. There were many causes for the French Revolution, such as: • Absolute Monarchy – most people hated their monarch, Louis XVI, because they were denied basic rights and any say in government.

9. Causes of the French Revolution Shortly after the American Revolution, the French decided to have a revolution of their own. There were many causes for the French Revolution, such as: 2. Social Inequality – Since the Middle Ages there had been three classes, or Estates, in France. First Estate: the clergy Second Estate: the nobles Third Estate: middle class, poor city workers, and rural peasants (largest group).

10. Causes of the French Revolution Shortly after the American Revolution, the French decided to have a revolution of their own. There were many causes for the French Revolution, such as: 3. Economic Injustices – the government spent more money than it earned, and the tax burden was on the Third Estate. Bad harvests in 1789 caused food prices to rise and caused peasants to go hungry and start riots.

11. Causes of the French Revolution Shortly after the American Revolution, the French decided to have a revolution of their own. There were many causes for the French Revolution, such as: 4. The Enlightenment – the Enlightenment thinkers were especially critical of France’s absolute monarchy and called for democratic reforms. Most French people felt that it was unreasonable for the First and Second Estates to have such privilege.

12. Causes of the French Revolution Shortly after the American Revolution, the French decided to have a revolution of their own. There were many causes for the French Revolution, such as: 5. English and American Examples – the Glorious Revolution and the American Revolution proved to the French that existing absolutist authorities could be successfully challenged.

13. French Estate System… Another word for Estate could Be ________ 3rd Estate…__________ Circle All That Apply Below Upper, Middle, or Lower 2nd Estate…__________ Circle All That Apply Below Upper, Middle, or Lower 1st Estate…___________ Circle All That Apply Below Upper, Middle, or Lower Examples of the 2nd Estate in today’s society … • 1. • 2. • 3. Examples of the 3rd Estate in today’s society … • 1. • 2. • 3. Examples of the 1st Estate in today’s society… • 1. • 2. • 3.

14. Stages of the Revolution The Revolution Begins As conditions grew worse in France, demands for reforms increased. In 1789 King Louis XVI finally called the Estates General, which were representatives of all three estates. After this, change came swiftly.

15. Stages of the Revolution The Revolution Begins As conditions grew worse in France, demands for reforms increased. In 1789 King Louis XVI finally called the Estates General, which were representatives of all three estates. After this, change came swiftly. 1. National Assembly – The Third Estate, the only elected group in the Estates General, declared itself the National Assembly and vowed to write a new constitution.

16. Stages of the Revolution The Revolution Begins As conditions grew worse in France, demands for reforms increased. In 1789 King Louis XVI finally called the Estates General, which were representatives of all three estates. After this, change came swiftly. 2. Seizure of the Bastille – Working class people stormed a prison called the Bastille on July 14, 1789. Fighting broke out in the city and countryside between peasants and nobles, in a time known as the Great Fear.

17. Stages of the Revolution The Revolution Begins As conditions grew worse in France, demands for reforms increased. In 1789 King Louis XVI finally called the Estates General, which were representatives of all three estates. After this, change came swiftly. 3. Declaration of the Rights of Man – The National Assembly abolished the privileges of the First and Second Estates and adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, which contained many Enlightenment ideas.

18. Chapter 18; Section 1 Main Ideas • Main Idea #1: French Society was divided up into 3 Estates • 1st Estate – … • 2nd Estate - … • 3rd Estate – … • Main Idea #2: The Estates-General, and loses power… Main Idea #3: Storming the Bastille…

19. French Women • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3uI6JFl_sq4&list=PLWEjwsAoctYg78YWXj3gjz_tiNpAm96U8&index=1 • Skip to 8:48

20. Phases of the Revolution A Limited Monarchy By 1791 the Assembly had written a constitution which defined the role and purpose of a new government. • Under the new constitution France: • Set up a limited monarchy and a representative assembly. • Declared that people had natural rights and that it was the job of the government to protect those rights. • Put the Church under state control. Many other European rulers and nobles feared revolutionary ideas would spread to their countries, so they threatened to intervene to save the French monarchy. To spread the revolution and end tyranny, France declared war on Austria, Prussia, Britain, and several other states.

21. King Louis XVI Failed Escape https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7-7Rv9_X13o

22. Stages of the Revolution Radicals in Power and the Reign of Terror The war went badly for France. In 1792 radicals took control of the Assembly, ended the monarchy and declared France a republic. Their slogan was “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.” In 1793 the king was executed for treason.

23. French Revolution:Moderate Phase Activity… • We just covered 3 major aspects of Phase 1 of the French Revolution. • What aspect of phase 1 do you believe is most important / had the largest impact? • Create a diagram or picture representing the most important aspect / had the largest impact? Paris Commune

24. The Spread of the French Revolution*Create 2 questions on how this cartoon represents the spread of the French Revolution*Do NOT answer your questions

25. Stages of the Revolution Radicals in Power and the Reign of Terror The execution of the king ushered in the Reign of Terror, which was led by Maximilien Robespierre, a radical revolutionary. During the Reign of Terror over 40,000 people were put to death, and thousands more were put in prison. Within a year the violence turned back on itself, and Robespierre himself was executed and the Reign of Terror ended.

26. http://www.history.com/topics/french-revolution/videos/coroners-report-guillotinehttp://www.history.com/topics/french-revolution/videos/coroners-report-guillotine

27. Stages of the Revolution Moderates Return Beginning in 1795, a five-man “Directory” supported by a legislature held power in France. However, this government was weak and inefficient, which led to the rise of the ambitious military leader, Napoleon Bonaparte.

28. Napoleon in Power His Rise to Power When the revolution started Napoleon was a low level military officer with dreams of glory. He gained popularity for his victories against the British and Austrians. In 1799 Napoleon used his popularity to orchestrate a coup d’ etat, or revolt by military leaders to overthrow a government. Three years later he took the title of “Emperor of the French” and gained absolute power. Hoping for stability, the French supported Napoleon.

30. Napoleon in Power Napoleon’s Achievements Napoleon was a very effective ruler in many aspects such as: 1. Economy – Napoleon controlled prices, supported new industry, and built roads and canals. 2. Education – Napoleon established a government -supervised public school system. 3. Napoleonic Code – Napoleon established a legal code that included many Enlightenment ideas, such as the legal equality of citizens and religious toleration.

31. Napoleon in Power Napoleon’s Empire From 1804 to 1814 Napoleon conquered much of Europe and ruled an empire. He often replaced the monarchs of defeated nations with his friends and relatives. Of the European powers, only Britain and Russia remained out of Napoleon’s reach. Britain was shielded from French troops by a powerful navy and the English Channel.

32. Napoleon in Power

33. Napoleon in Power Napoleon’s Fall Napoleon’s empire began to crumble for several reasons: 1. Nationalism - most people in conquered states looked upon Napoleon’s armies as foreign oppressors. Inspired by nationalism, people across Europe revolted against French rule.

34. Napoleon in Power Napoleon’s Fall Napoleon’s empire began to crumble for several reasons: 2. Failed Russian Invasion (1812) – As Napoleon’s armies invaded from the west, Russian armies retreated eastward and burned crops and villages to leave nothing behind for the ensuing French, which is called a “scorched earth” policy. French troops became hungry and cold, and most of Napoleon’s army was lost during the winter.

37. Napoleon in Power Napoleon’s Fall A year after Napoleon’s loss in Russia, an alliance between Russia, Britain, Austria, and Prussia defeated Napoleon, forcing him to step down in 1814. Napoleon would return to power in 1815, but the British and Prussians decisively defeated him at the battle of Waterloo, which ended his reign, and he lived the rest of his life in exile.

38. Effects of the French Revolution The French Revolution and the reign of Napoleon transformed both France and Europe in many ways: 1. Democratic Ideals – Napoleon’s conquests spread the ideals of democracy across Europe. Groups strived to achieve the goals of the French republic: “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.” People wanted liberty from monarchs, social equality, and fraternity, or brotherhood by working together for a common cause.

39. Effects of the French Revolution The French Revolution and the reign of Napoleon transformed both France and Europe in many ways: 2. Nationalism – Napoleon’s conquests inspired feelings of national pride among the French, as well as nationalistic feelings in those nations that were oppressed by Napoleon. His conquests had a part in the eventual unification of both Italy and Germany, and his weakening of Spain led to the Latin American independence movements.

40. Summary Enlightenment ideas about natural rights and rejection of absolutist authority inspired major revolutions in the late 1700s and early 1800s. Colonists in America declared independence from Britain in 1776 and created a government based on the ideas of Locke and Montesquieu. Influenced by the American Revolution, revolutionaries in France overturned the monarchy and created a new social order. Napoleon helped spread revolutionary ideals across Europe. Both the American and French Revolutions contributed to revolutions in Latin America in the early 1800s.

41. A Revolutionary Ditty