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Microscopy

Microscopy. Early Microscopes. Microscope Vernacular. Microscope Instrument that produces and enlarged image of an object Magnification An increase in an objects apparent size Total magnification is calculated by multiplying the power of the ocular lens by the objective lens

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Microscopy

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  1. Microscopy

  2. Early Microscopes

  3. Microscope Vernacular • Microscope • Instrument that produces and enlarged image of an object • Magnification • An increase in an objects apparent size • Total magnificationis calculated by multiplying the power of the ocular lens by the objective lens • Ocular lens = 10x Objective lens = 4x • Total magnification = 10 x 4 = 40x • Resolution • The power to show details clearly

  4. Light Microscopes • Use light and two lenses to magnify • Highest magnification for a compound light microscope is 1000x • Can view live specimens

  5. Parts of a Light Microscope • Stage - Where slide is placed • Objective lens - Positioned above the specimen • Ocular lens - eyepiece • Base - Bottom of the microscope • Arm - How to carry the microscope • Diaphragm - Below the stage, controls the amount of light • Coarse adjustment - Big nob, moves the stage up and down • Fine adjustment - Small nob, helps do the final focus

  6. Parts of a Light Microscope

  7. Electron Microscopes • Uses a beam of electrons and magnets to magnify • Has greater magnification than light microscopes • Specimen must be dead

  8. Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM) • Transmits a beam of electrons through a very thinly sliced specimen • Images are projected on a screen or photographic plate • Used to view the interior of a specimen • Can magnify 200,000x's

  9. Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) • Uses an electron-emitting probe • Skims the surface of a specimen • Used mostly for physics • They can see ELECTRONS!

  10. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) • Used to view the surface of a specimen • Projects 3-D images • Can magnify 100,000x

  11. Microangelahttp://www5.pbrc.hawaii.edu/microangela/

  12. Cells Most living things are made up of one or more cells. Cells can be as large as an ostrich egg (about 8 centimeters wide) to as small as a mycobacterium (about 0.1 micrometer). Some organisms are composed of only one cell, and others are made up of millions of different kinds of cells. These are cells that have been grown in a dish, and so they can stick down and spread out if they want to. Some kinds of cells cannot be cultured; others have very special requirements to be cultured. Some cells grow easily and can even form tissues in a dish. Culturing cells makes it easy for us to study them, and to do things like test medicines for diseases and treatments for cancer.

  13. Red Blood Cells There are several types of blood cells in your body, but the ones that make your blood red are erythrocytes, or red blood cells. Without them your blood is yellowish. Red blood cells are about 7.5 thousandths of a millimeter across, and are responsible for carrying oxygen, salts, and other organic substances to the cells and tissues throughout your body. In humans and most mammals the cells are concave (dented in the middle) and flexible enough to squeeze through even the tiniest of blood vessels, the capillaries.

  14. Neuron This is a single neuron which has been grown in a petri dish. The lump at the far end is the cell body. The flat part spread out at the closer end is the growth cone area, a part of the neuron that is trying to find the cell(s) it's supposed to make a synapse with. The skinny part in between is the axon. The little hairs sticking up from the cell body are possibly forming dendrites.

  15. Lung The bronchial tubes eventually narrow down to bronchioles, about 1 mm or less in diameter. These then divide into even narrower tubes called alveolar ducts (orange). Each alveolar duct ends in a cluster of thin-walled sacs only one cell thick, the alveoli (yellow). This is where the gas exchange takes place. Each alveolus is surrounded by a network of tiny blood capillaries (red). Blood comes in via arteries, and empties into veins which take it back to the heart. Oxygen from the alveoli diffuses across the alveoli cells into the blood, where it is taken to the heart. At the same time, poisonous carbon dioxide which is a byproduct of animal metabolism, moves out of the blood and into the lungs, where it can be exhaled.

  16. Skin I have some skin on the side of one of my fingers that has been very damaged from the sun, and it is hard and flaky. This is a piece I pulled off and put into the electron microscope. You can see the outlines of the dead, keratinized skin cells, and also a hair pore. The structure of skin is designed to prevent loss of body fluids and protect the body against the environment, and microorganisms and toxic chemicals that might be in it. Microorganisms are repelled by the dryness of the outer skin (like this piece), by the fatty acids in the oils on your skin, and by the lactic acid in sweat. This is magnified about 220 times.

  17. Penicillum This mold was growing on a block of Romano cheese in my refrigerator. It was bluish green, and is probably a Penicillum. The parts of mold you usually see are the reproductive structures; the hyphae underneath them are the parts that feed on whatever it's growing on. In this picture the yellow parts are called conidiophores, and the green spores are called conidia.

  18. Streptococcus Has your doctor ever taken a swab of the back of your throat to check for "strept throat"? About 200 species of bacteria can cause diseases in humans, including these streptococcus (coccus means round-shaped). There are several kinds of streptococcus, including the ones that cause strept throat, ones that cause a type of pneumonia, and the ones now known as "flesh-eating bacteria".

  19. Mold This was growing on some old, moist bread, but it is not "bread mold", which is black. This is probably one of the penicillum molds, and it was greenish-yellow. The knobs in this image are the sporangia made up of the yellow spores. The spores are carried away by moving air to find other substrates on which to settle. The purple parts are hyphae, threadlike filaments which spread across the organic material on which the mold grows.

  20. Paramecium In this picture you can see the long opening called the oral groove, which acts as a mouth. When food is directed in through the groove, it is engulfed into food vacuoles, which are tiny digestive systems, sort of like temporary stomachs. Excess water is collected into a contractile vacuole, which periodically contracts to empty the water out of the cell. The cell also has a macronucleus, a micronucleus, trichocysts (darts), and an anal pore. And that's about all you need to be a succesful protozoan!

  21. Crab Larva This is the larva of a marine shrimp (many freshwater and terrestrial crustaceans skip the larval stage). As you can see, these larvae bear little resemblance to the adult. The compound eyes are the most prominant feature, suggesting that vision is very important at this stage. Mechanosensory (vibration or hearing) and chemosensory (smell) setae sprout from the various appendages, giving them the senses they need to survive during this free swimming stage in the ocean. Eventually, this larva could have metamorphosed into the adult form to take its chances on a coral reef or the sea floor. But I (accidently) caught it first.

  22. Tubeworm This is a feather-duster tubeworm. Tubeworms are polychaetes, marine worms that secrete a hard mineral substance or a horny material or glue sand grains together. Fan worms or feather duster worms are common on rocky shorelines. They stick tentacles on their heads out of their tubes to catch food. They can quickly withdraw into their tubes when threatened, protecting them from most predators. Polychaetes are related to earthworms.

  23. Lucifer The name of this planktonic crustacean is Lucifer, which is Latin for "light-bearer" or Hebrew for "bright one". Although in some literature Lucifer is used as a synonym for Satan, this animal was named for its bioluminescence.

  24. Honeybee Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are important as pollinators of many flowering plants and are thus important for many kinds of crops. Honey bees collect nectar and pollen as food for their colonies, and pollinate plants as a consequence of their activities. Nectar is stored in the bees special "honey stomach", which is in front of their true stomach. The nectar is passed from worker to worker bee, water is lost, and it changes to honey. It is then stored in cells in the hive and fanned by the bees so that is evaporates further and becomes thicker, then it is sealed in with a wax cap.The empty honeycomb can then be returned to the beehive to be filled again.

  25. Black Ant There are about a kazillion ants in the world! There are over 40 species just in Hawaii. There are ants in all kinds of habitats; some are scavengers, some are carnivorous (eat other animals), some eat only plants, and some are omnivorous (eat just about anything). The ones in your kitchen may be looking for sugar, for fats, or for meat. Or maybe just water. Most ants have well-developed jaws and can bite when disturbed. Ants live in colonies, which may include as few as a dozen or many thousands of members. You may see ants following one another in trails. Ants can leave a chemical signal on most surfaces that other ants can follow by chemoreception (smelling), using the tiny hairs on their heads and feet.

  26. Monarch Butterfly The punk appearance of this butterfly is due to the scales bristling up all over its head. Monarch butterflies are the most common of the milkweed butterflies in the United States. Larvae (caterpillars) feed on the leaves of the milkweed (crown flower) before forming a crysalis from which will emerge the adult butterfly.

  27. House Fly This is a house fly, Musca domestica. The mouthparts of the fly (the proboscis) are complex structures specially adapted for sucking up fluids.

  28. Aphid Aphids are insects that are parasites on the roots, leaves, and stems of plants. Aphids have a proboscis which contains four sharp stylets which is used to pierce plant tissue and suck out the nutritive juices. Horn-shaped tubes at the rear end of the aphid are called cornicles, and they secrete a waxy substance. Aphids also secrete a sweet substance called honeydew, and some kinds of ants actually hide and keep aphids to "farm" them for this "candy".

  29. Flea and Cat Hair This is a cat flea and a cat hair. The green part is one of the eyes, and the red part is one of the antennae. The thing that looks like a moustache is called the genal comb.

  30. Cigar Beetle This critter is probably Lasioderma serricorne, a cigarette beetle. It is very small, about a sixteenth of an inch in length. Like most anobiids, the head is deflexed and concealed by the hoodlike pronotum. It can be a household pest, infesting dry foods and spices. It is particularly fond of tobacco products. This beetle is about 2.5 millimeters long

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