Child Development

1. Child Development Chapter 4 Prenatal Development

2. Chapter 4 Section 1 The Developing Baby

3. 1. Explain the process of conception using the following terms: Fallopian tube, uterus, sperm, ovum. • An ovum is released from the ovary. • It travels through the Fallopian tube to the uterus. • Conception occurs if sperm reach the Fallopian tube and penetrate and fertilize the ovum.

5. 2. Prenatal Development

7. 3. Explain each of the following: • Amniotic fluid • Liquid that fills the sac that forms around the developing baby to protect it.

8. Placenta • Tissue rich in blood vessels that forms in the uterus • Absorbs oxygen and nourishment from mother to pass to baby.

9. Umbilical cord • Tube that carries nourishment and oxygen from the placenta to the baby

10. 4. Changes in mother during first 2 months of pregnancy • Menstrual period stops • Breasts swell • Frequent urination • Possible nausea • Fatigue (tiredness)

11. 5. What is lightening and when does it occur? • Baby shifts downward into the birth canal. • It occurs near the end of the 40 weeks of pregnancy.

13. Chapter 4 Section 2 A Closer Look at Conception

14. 6. What is heredity? Name 3 characteristics that can be hereditary. • Heredity – the passing of characteristics from parents to children through genes. • Hair color • Eye color • Blood type

15. 7. Summarize the relationship between chromosomes, genes, genomes, and DNA. • DNA – a complex molecule that makes up genes • Genes – the units that determine a person’s inherited characteristics • Chromosomes – tiny threadlike structures that are made up of hundreds or thousands of genes • Genome – the complete genetic blueprint for the creation of a person

16. 8. Explain the difference between dominant and recessive genes. • Dominant • The stronger of the pair of genes • The characteristic it determines will be expressed when it is paired with a recessive gene • Recessive • the weaker of the pair of genes • The characteristic it determines will only be expressed IF the person has a second recessive gene for that characteristic

17. 9. Which parent can provide either an X or a Y to the baby? Which chromosome must come from this parent for the child to be female? • The father • The X chromosome

19. 10. Explain how each of the following occurs: • Identical twins • Fertilized egg develops into cell mass • Cell mass splits in two • Each part develops into separate embryo • Fraternal twins • Two separate eggs are fertilized by two separate sperm • Two embryos form

20. 11. What is the ONLY guaranteed way to avoid pregnancy? ABSTINENCE!!!! ABSTINENCE!!!! ABSTINENCE!!!!

21. A couple of definitions… • Infertility – the inability to become pregnant • Can occur in both men and women • Surrogate – a substitute mother who becomes pregnant to have a baby for another woman

22. 12. Complete the following chart about options for infertility.

23. 13. What are 3 reasons a couple who want children might not use these options? • Personal beliefs • No specialists nearby • Too expensive

24. Chapter 4 Section 3 Problems in Prenatal Development

25. 14. • Miscarriage – loss of a baby prior to 20th week • Stillbirth – death of a baby after the 20th week of pregnancy

26. 15. Birth Defects • PKU – inability of body to process a certain protein • Sickle cell anemia - malformed red blood cells interfere with oxygen supply • Tay-Sachs disease – Lack of a certain blood chemical makes body unable to process certain fats in brain and nerve cells. • Down Syndrome – extra chromosome 21 typically results in mental retardation

27. 16. Causes of birth defects • Environment- poor nutrition, diseases, harmful substances, medicines, exposure to hazards • Heredity – inheriting 2 defective recessive genes, inheriting one defective dominant gene • Errors in chromosomes – having too few or too many, broken, or rearranged • Interaction of heredity and environment – inherited genetic predisposition toward a defect along with exposure to a hazard during pregnancy

28. 17. What does a genetic counselor do? • Uses info from physical exams and medical history to assess a couple’s risk for having a child with certain birth defects.

29. 18. Prenatal tests

30. Amniocentesis & Chorionic Villi sampling

31. Chapter 4 Section 4 Avoiding Dangers to the Baby

32. 19. Compare the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol effects? • Similarities • Both caused by consumption of alcohol during pregnancy • Both cause many of same problems • 1 in 5 FAS babies does not live to see 1st birthday • Differences • FAS is more severe

33. Fetal Abuse: The Effects of Drugs and Alcohol 17 mins

34. Learning Disabilities Caused by FAS 3 mins.

35. 20. Why is it critical to avoid taking medications in the first 3 months of pregnancy unless specifically prescribed? • The baby’s body systems, including the brain, are forming. • Chemicals in some medications taken at this time may cause severe harm, including mental retardation.

36. 21. Describe the possible effects on a baby of each hazard listed below. • Caffeine • Miscarriage • Premature birth/Low birth weight • Infant death • Tobacco • Low birth weight/Premature birth • Respiratory infections • allergies • Cocaine • Miscarriage • Premature birth/Low birth weight • Stroke • Heart attack • Seizures, SIDS, tremors • Sleep and feeding difficulties • Developmental delay

37. 22. What is SIDS? • The sudden death of a baby under one year of age with no clear cause.

38. SIDS 17 mins.

39. 23. If an expectant mother needs X-rays because of an accident, why should she tell doctors that she is pregnant? • X-rays can harm the baby. • Doctors can take precautions to limit the baby’s exposure.

40. 24. Give 3 examples of hazardous substances pregnant women should avoid. • Paint • Pesticides • Lead • Carbon monoxide • Mercury • Solvents • Paint thinner

41. 25. Infections during pregnancy