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Civil Rights Top Ten

Civil Rights Top Ten. Honors American History Mrs. Cavell. Jim Crow Laws: State and local laws passed to separate the races in public facilities (schools, parks, hospitals, etc.) Segregation: Term used to describe this system of separation

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Civil Rights Top Ten

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  1. Civil Rights Top Ten Honors American History Mrs. Cavell

  2. Jim Crow Laws: State and local laws passed to separate the races in public facilities (schools, parks, hospitals, etc.) Segregation: Term used to describe this system of separation Plessy v. Ferguson: Supreme Court case that legalized segregation as long as the facilities were “equal” (1896) Jim Crow 1. Jim Crow Laws

  3. NAACP: (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) Formed in 1909 by WEB DuBois NAACP GOAL: Full equality-nothing less! Despite an era of progressive reforms, very little support for this goal for even the reformers WEB DuBOIS 2. NAACP

  4. Brown v. Board of Education: Case led by Thurgood Marshall (eventually became first African-American SC justice) struck down segregation on the grounds that “separate facilities were inherently unequal”. Marshall had won 29 cases regarding civil rights prior to this. He was key legal defender of the civil rights movement. Reaction: This affected 21 states and reaction was mixed…some states would be no problem and others (Miss/Georgia) complete resistance Thurgood Marshall 3. The end of legalized segregation

  5. Brown v. Board • This case was based on the complaint of Mr. Oliver Brown, whose nine-year-old daughter Linda had to travel 21 blocks to attend an African-American school instead of an all-white school four blocks from home. • Thurgood Marshall wrote a brilliant brief explaining why segregation was unequal and won a unanimous decision. • Congress and the President (Eisenhower) did little initially to enforce this verdict.

  6. In 1957, nine African-American students volunteered to integrate Little Rock Central High Governor Orval Faubus ordered National Guard to turn them away President Eisenhower put the National Guard under federal control and had soldiers protect the students while at school Faubus eventually shut down Central High rather than allow integration It was a victory that the students were able to attend an all-white school Little Rock Nine 4. The Little Rock Nine

  7. On Dec. 1, 1955, Rosa Parks boarded a bus in Montgomery, Alabama in the “colored section”. As the bus filled up, Parks was asked to move for a white man and refused. This sparked a bus boycott that lasted 381 days. Parks had been an NAACP officer that had been quietly but persistently fighting for civil rights RESULT: Martin Luther King became the voice of the civil rights movement and SC outlawed segregation on buses Rosa Parks 5. Montgomery Bus Boycott

  8. MLK’s civil rights strategy was called “soul force” (non-violent resistance) SCLC: Southern Christian Leadership Conference: Group organized by King to use churches throughout the South to organize protests whose goal was to unite all African-Americans of all ages against second-class status SNCC: An African-American protest group that originated on college campuses MLK 6. MLK

  9. SNCC organized a freedom ride into Birmingham, Alabama with the promise of police protection secured through President Kennedy. When the riders arrived…no police, just an angry mob that beat them up and set the bus on fire (with people inside!) This gave the civil rights movement the media boost it needed. News coverage denounced the beatings and showed whites abusing their power. RESULT: Desegregation of all bus stations, waiting rooms, restrooms, and lunch counters. Birmingham

  10. MFDP and Selma Campaign • In 1964 a new political party emerged designed to help elect people in favor of civil rights legislation. This party was open to anyone, regardless of race. It was the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. • In the summer of 1965, SCLC and SNCC wanted to help register voters in Selma, Alabama. They were also arrested and brutally attacked. MLK launched a peaceful march from Selma to Montgomery (state capital) to protest these beatings. A war-like scene emerged complete with tear gas and beatings. • RESULT: President Johnson swiftly passed the VOTING RIGHTS ACT of 1965 which eliminated the literacy test and employed federal examiners to register voters.

  11. Sit-ins: Protest strategies that were designed to get service in segregated public facilities. (EX: Sitting in at a whites only lunch counter) Freedom Riders: Individuals who risked beatings or death to travel across the South in buses to protest segregation March on Washington: August 28, 1963: 250,000 people peacefully assembled in the nations capital to listen to MLK address them with his now-famous “I have a dream” speech. President Kennedy vowed to make equal rights a priority, but was assassinated on November 22, 1963. President Johnson carried on JFK’s work. Sit-ins: 6. MLK’s Non-Violent Strategies

  12. 7. Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1968 • Civil Rights Act of 1964: Prohibits discrimination because of race, gender, religion, or national origin (IE: All citizens had the rights to eat, shop, go the bathroom and go to school where they chose to) • Civil Rights Act of 1968: A law that bans discrimination in housing (You can live where you want to)

  13. Born Malcolm Little, Malcolm X became a follower of the Nation of Islam (Black Muslims) while in prison He believed in armed self-defense and a separation from whites (No brotherhood with whites) Later in his life he journeyed to Mecca and changed his philosophy to embrace equality among all races but still felt that armed self-defense was justified Malcolm X 7. Malcolm X and Nation of Islam

  14. 7. Black Power and Black Panthers • Black Power: The rallying cry of new leaders in the SNCC movement whose goals now included African-Americans leading their organizations and setting the civil rights agenda (no more working with whites) • Black Panthers: Founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in 1966, this party advocated full-employment, decent housing, and military-exemption for African-Americans. “Power flows out of the barrel of a gun.”

  15. Logo Members Black Panthers

  16. MLK objected to the radical changes the equality movement was headed and hoped to spread his idea of non-violence to poor in northern cities. On April 3, 1968, King addressed a crowd that he may not see a world with equality, but he was not in fear…some speculate he knew death was near On April 4, 1968, MLK stepped out onto a hotel balcony and was shot in the neck by James Earl Ray MLK’s Funeral and James Earl Ray 8. MLK Assassination

  17. 9. Reaction to the Assassination and Legacy • The reaction to MLK’s death sparked worst rioting in US history • Robert Kennedy pled with American people to come together as King would have wanted • OUTCOMES: African-Americans took pride in their heritage and colleges began offering classes on Black Studies. African-Americans also became more visible in the media. • Affirmative Action: Programs that involve making special efforts to hire or enroll people who have been discriminated against in the past

  18. President Barack Obama…What do you think MLK would have done had he lived to see this? 2011

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