1 / 40

Computer Hardware

Computer Hardware. Focus Items. Design systems that meet business needs Hardware industry trends Problems Legacy hardware (and software) Dealing with growth Improving fault tolerance. Terms (Speed). Microsecond - 1/1000 second Millisecond – 1/1,000,000 second

nero
Download Presentation

Computer Hardware

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Computer Hardware

  2. Focus Items • Design systems that meet business needs • Hardware industry trends • Problems • Legacy hardware (and software) • Dealing with growth • Improving fault tolerance

  3. Terms (Speed) • Microsecond - 1/1000 second • Millisecond – 1/1,000,000 second • Nanosecond – 1/1,000,000,000 second • Picosecond – 1/1,000,000,000,000 second • Teraflop – Trillion (1,000,000,000,000) floating point operations per second

  4. Terms (Storage) • 1,000 bytes – Kilobyte • 1,000,000 bytes – Megabyte • 1,000,000,000 bytes – Gigabyte • 1,000,000,000,000 bytes – Terabtye • 1,000,000,000,000,000 bytes = Petabyte

  5. Terms (CPU) (1) • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Many machines have multiple CPUs • Servers scale from 1-256 processors • Many CPUs are designed to support virtualization • Processor speed • Measured in GHz. • A measure of the internal clock

  6. Terms (CPU) (Illustration)

  7. Terms (CPU) (2) • Most machines have multiple cores • A “core” is a separate work engine within the cpu

  8. Terms (Cache) (Memory) • CACHE – Memory directly connected to the CPU • Fast • Memory (Primary storage) • Volatile storage to store data • Not all memory is the same • Some provides error correction • Performance differences • Density

  9. Terms (Bus) • Bus • Communicates from CPU to memory, disk, network controllers, etc. • Bus speed is an important consideration

  10. Terms (Disk) • Disk (Secondary storage) • Hard • ATA, SATA, SCSI, • Optical • CD / DVD / Blu Ray • Backup tape devices http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive

  11. Categories of Computers (lightweight devices) • “Lightweight devices” • Network computers • Special purpose transaction terminals • UPS / FedEx • Browser-only devices (kiosks)

  12. Categories of Computers (Information Appliances) • Information appliances • Smart phone • Tablets of all shapes and sizes

  13. Categories of Computers (Desktop) • Market is shrinking because of tablet / phone horsepower • These are the engineering workstations of yesterday

  14. Categories of Computers (Servers) • Oracle Sun / HP / IBM / Dell provide the lion’s share of todays servers • Characterized by • Multiple CPUs with multiple cores

  15. Large Server (Example) • SPARK Enterprise M9000 • 64 processors / 4 cores per processor • 4TB memory • Storage measure in the pedabytes (NAS) • IBM Power 795 • Up to 256 processor cores book “book” and up to 8 books • 16 TB memory • All for about $1 million

  16. Larger Server (Illustration)

  17. Categories of Computers (Blade) • A computer within a computer • We buy a “blade chassis” containing • Power supplies / cooling / external media • We buy blade computers that go into the chassis • Blades: • Reduce power consumption and maintenance costs

  18. Blade (Illustration)

  19. Categories of Computers (Mainframe) • These are really just the IBM Z series and a few special purpose devices

  20. Categories of Computers (Distributed Computing) • (Distributed computing) • It’s really the software and not the hardware • We just cluster multiple computers together • Special purpose back ends • TeraData database servers • Storage Tek disk and tape sub systems • Storage Area Networks (SAN)

  21. Video Technologies • LCD flat panels are have made tube technology obsolete • Reduced power consumption • Refresh rate is an important consideration • Multiple monitor systems improve productivity • Improved glass substrate technology has allows LCDs to get larger and larger

  22. Secondary Storage (Memory) • CPUs read and write data from primary storage (memory) • Memory keeps getting faster, cheaper, and bigger • Cost is as low as $9.50 per GB • At one time it was $10,000 or more per MB • Types • RAM (There are many types of RAM) • ROM

  23. Secondary Storage (Disk) • Trends • They are cheap commodity items • < $100.00 per terabyte • Rated in mean time between failure (MTBF) • 100,000 to 1.5M hours is common • Multiple disks are connected to form disk subsystems

  24. RAID • Redundant disk arrays supply fault tolerance • There are different types of RAID • Level 1 uses separate disks (mirroring) • Level 2 uses striping • There are others • Example • HP 3PAR StoreServ 10000 storage • Fault tolerant • Up to 2.2 PB of storage

  25. Secondary Storage (Magnetic Tape) • It’s still used for large archive sites • Phone records, credit card records, and other historical data • Tapes are enclosed in tape robotic sub systems • We can store up to 75-100 PB • HP StoreEver ESL G3 • Up to 12,006 tape cartridges

  26. Disk Storage Servers • Dell PowerVaults have up to 150 3TB drives • UP to the big EMC storage devices (3PB) • https://store.emc.com/Solve-For/STORAGE-PRODUCTS/VNX7500/p/VNX-7500-STOR-001-1Q13-0025

  27. Secondary Storage (SAN) • We are really just making data available to many clients • Evolution • Network Access Storage (NAS) put storage on the network instead of a server • Storage Area Network (SAN) puts storage on it’s on it’s own ‘very fast’ network • 2GB/Sec interconnect using Fibre channel

  28. Printer Technology • Desktop laser printers offer low TCO • High speed production printers • These compete against traditional offset presses • Continuous roll input • Up to 2500 pages per minute • www.delphax.com

  29. Printer Technology (2) • Kodak example system: • About 75ft long and 15ft tall Will print both sides at 2 up(2 different documents side by side) • Ink jet printer - 12 print heads  -- 8 nine inch heads and 4 four inch heads. • Running at 1000ft per minute • Ink feeds from 275gal tanks

  30. Printer Technology (3)

  31. Printer Technology (4)

  32. RFID Technology • These are tiny chips send or receive radio signals • They are becoming an alternative to bar codes • Uses • It’s been proposed to put them in Euros • Casinos are using them in high denomination chips • Wynn

  33. Balance in Systems • The issue in configuring large systems is balance • Choosing the right system for the job • Disk (IO) is often the bottleneck • Bus Speed • Memory shortfalls • Network bandwith

  34. Scalability in Systems • Systems must be able to grow with a business • Expansion of an existing system by adding memory, disk or other components • Expansion by adding additional servers to a cluster or server farm

  35. Server Farms • Many servers interconnected together

  36. Server Farms (Load Balancing) • Load balancing servers • Dispatch request to the actual servers • Monitor the health of the servers • Monitor the load on the various servers

  37. Titan • Oak Ridge National Labs houses the “fastest” computer in the world

  38. Titan • 27,000 trillion calculations / second (27 petaflops) • 299,008 CPU cores • 18,688 AMD Opteron • 18,688 K20x GPUs • 710TB of memory • Cost of 97 million

  39. Fault Tolerance in Systems • One server in a farm can fail leaving the others running • Fault tolerant servers have multiple CPUs • Failed memory will not cause a system to fail • RAID allows disk failures without causing system failures

  40. Economic Decisions • Single vendor solutions vs. multivendor solutions • Lease VS. buy decisions

More Related