Chapter 5 Microbial growth control

1. Chapter 5 Microbial growth control Physical methods Chemical agents Food Preservation

2. Control of microorganisms by physical and chemical agentsfrequently used terms • Sterilization: the process by which all living cells, viable spores, virus, and viroids are either destroyed or removed from an object or habitat. • Disinfection: the killing, inhibition, or removal of microorganisms that may cause disease. • Sanitization: the microbial population is reduced to levels that are considered safe by public health standards. • Antisepsis: the prevention of infection or sepsis • -cide: kill; -static: stop germicide: kill pathogens but not necessarily endospores. Bactericide; fungicide; algicide; viricide; bacteriostatic; fungistatic

3. Conditions influencing the effectiveness of antimicrobial agent activity • 1. Population size. • 2. Population composition. Spore, young/mature • 3. Concentration or intensity of an antimicrobial agent. • 4. Duration of exposure. • 5. Temperature. higher • 6. local environment. eg. 1. Heat kill more readily at an acid pH. 2. Organic matter protect microorganisms. 3. Biofilm protection.

4. Microbial Growth Control • Physical ways • Heat sterilization (including autoclave and pasteurization) • Radiation (microwaves, UV, X-rays, g-rays and electrons) • Filtration (depth filter, membrane filter and nucleation track (nucleopore) filter)

5. Heat(terms) • TDP: the lowest temperature at which a microbial suspension is killed in 10 minutes. • TDT: the shortest time needed to kill all organisms in a microbial suspension at a specific temperature and under defined conditions. • Decimal reduction time (D) or D value: the time required to kill 90% of the microorganisms or spores in a sample at a specified temperature. D121

6. Moist heat sterilization • Autoclave: a device somewhat like a fancy pressure cooker. • The air initially present is forced out the chamber is filled with saturated stream • 121oC or 15 pounds 15-30min 1. All air must be flushed out of the chamber, or it will not reach 121oC even though it may reach pressure of 15 pounds. 2. The chamber should not be packed too tightly.

7. Pasteurization • Milk, beer, and many other beverages are treated with controlled heating at temperatures well below boiling. Not sterilize, just pasteurized. • Past : 63oC, 30min • HTST: 72oC, 15sec • UHT: 140-150oC, 1-3sec

8. Dry heat sterilization • 160-170oC 2-3h • Suitable for glass petri dishes and pipettes • Not suitable for heat-sensitive materials like many plastic and rubber items.

9. Filtration • Heat-sensitive solution • Depth filters: diatomaceous; unglazed porcelain. • Membrane filters: membranes with pores about 0.2m in diameter are used to remove most vegetative cells, but not viruses. • Air: 1. Surgical masks and cotton plugs on culture vessels. 2. Biological safety cabinets.

10. Radiation • 1. Ultraviolet radiation: 260nm is quite lethal but does not penetrate glass, dirt films, water and other substances. uv lamps: the ceilings of rooms biological safety cabinets attention! uv lamp must be off • 2 . Ionizing radiation: not always as effective against viruses. Co60: cold sterilization for antibiotics, hormones, sutures.

11. Microbial Growth Control • Chemical ways (germicides) • Agents that kill organisms are often called cidal agents (bactericidal, fungicidal and viricidal agents) • Agents that do not kill but only inhibit growth are called static agents (bacteriostatic, fungistatic, and viristatic agents) • Disinfectants are chemicals that kill microorganisms and are used on inanimate objects • Antiseptics are chemical agents that kill or inhibit growth of microorganisms and that are sufficiently nontoxic to be applied to living tissues.

12. Ideal disinfectant • 1. Must be effective against a wide variety of infectious agents at high dilutions and in the presence of organic matter. • 2. Toxic for infectious agents no toxic to people or corrosive for common materials. • 3. Odorless or with a pleasant odor, soluble in water and low surface tension. • 4. Relatively inexpensive

13. Phenolics • Denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membranes. Phenol, orthocresol(邻甲酚) • Advantages: 1. Tuberculocidal 2. Effective in the presence of organic material. 3. Remain active on surfaces long after application. • Disadvantages: 1. Disagreeable odor 2. Cause skin irritation

14. alcohols • Bactericidal and fungicidal, not sporicidal • 70-80% ethanol and isopropanol • Denature proteins and dissolve membrane lipids. • 10-15min soaking

15. Halogens • Iodine and chlorine • Iodine: oxidizing cell constituents iodinating cell proteins. 2% or more iodine in a water-ethanol solution of potassium iodide. • Iodophor(碘载体): iodine is complexed with an organic carries to form. water soluble, nonstaining, release iodine slowly to minimize skin burns and irritation. • Chlorine: municipal water supplies swimming pools. Not spores Cl2, HClO, Ca(OCl)2, oxidation

16. Heavy metals • Mercury (Hg), silver (Ag), arsenic(As), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) • 1% AgNO3: the eyes of infants to prevent ophthalmic gonorrhea • Silver sulfadizine is used on burns. • CuSO4: algicide in lakes and swimming pools.

17. Aldehydes • Combine with nucleic acids and proteins and inactivate them, probably by cross-linking and alkylating molecules. • Sporicidal • Formaldehyde; 2% glutaraldehyde(戊二醛)

18. Sterilizing gases • Ethylene oxide gas • 10-20% mixed with CO2 or dichlorodifluoromethane(二氯二荧光甲烷) • Relative humidity: 40-50% 38oC 5-8h or 54oC 3-4h EtO con: 700mg/liter • Toxic! Removed before use.

19. Evaluation of antimicrobial agent effectiveness • The phenol coefficient test: • The test bacteria: Salmonella typhi Staphylococcus aureus a series of dilutions of phenol and the experimental disinfectant. bacteria + agent; 5min, 10min, 15min; subculture to fresh medium, respectively; incubate 2-3 days. The highest dilutions that kill the bacteria after a 10mins exposure, but not after 5mins, are used to calculate the phenol coefficient. phenol coefficient =disinfect max dilution/phenol max dilution If >1: more effective than phenol

20. Microbial Growth Control:Chemotherapeutic agents • Chemotherapeutic agents: to be used internally for control of infectious disease, they must have selective toxicity, these include: • Growth factor analog: • Sulfa drugs (磺胺药) • Amino acid analogs • Vitamin analogs • DNA base, RNA base analogs

21. Chemotherapeutic agents: Antibiotics • Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by certain microorganisms that inhibit and kill other microorganisms, they are natural products rather than synthetic chemicals • Gram-positive bacteria are usually more sensitive to Gram-negative bacteria • In bacteria, the important targets of antibiotic action are the cell wall, the cytoplasmic membrane and the biosynthetic processes of protein and nucleic acid synthesis • b-lactam (内酰胺) group, which includes the penicillins and related compounds, has major clinical significance

22. Measuring antimicrobial activityMinimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) Agar diffusion method Tube dilution technique

23. Range of actions of antibiotics and other agents

24. Mode of action of major antibiotics

25. Food Preservation • Sterilization • Low temperature (best -20oC or 80oC) • pH or acidity • Low water availability • Canning • Chemical food preservation

26. Questions • several concepts • Conditions influencing the effectiveness of antimicrobial agent activity? • What are the physical- and chemical ways to halt microbial growth? • On what sites do antibiotics act on cells? • How to preserve food?