World’s Food Producing Lands

1. World’s Food Producing Lands

2. Green Potentialfor food; • Biomes Climate Growing Periods

3. Blue Potential • How does the ocean provide a huge source of food for humans?

5. Crops vs Pastures /Grazing Land • Grazing Land (also known as a Pasture) is land used for grazing. Pasture lands are enclosed tracts of farmland, grazed by domesticated livestock, such as horses, cattle, sheep, etc. • Arable Land – Land that is suitable for growing crops. • Agricultural land denotes the land suitable for agricultural production, both crops and livestock

6. Pastures /Grazing Land Issues The United Nations report warns that the livestock sector: • Generates more greenhouse gas emissions than transport • Occupies 33% of the world's arable land and 30% of total land surface • Drives deforestation to clear new pastures, especially in Latin America where 70% of the Amazon forests have already been turned over to grazing • Degrades the land, with overgrazing, compaction and erosion affecting about 20% percent of pastures • Pollutes the water and is "among the most damaging sectors to the earth's increasingly scarce water resources."

7. A meat-centered diet requires 10-20 times as much land as a plant-based diet. Nearly half of the world's grains and soybeans are fed to animals, resulting in a huge waste of food calories and protein. • Animal agriculture destroys the world's agricultural land. The process begins with clear-cutting of forests to create cattle pastures. Eventually, the pastures are plowed under and used to grow animal feed crops. • Animal agriculture turns forests and prairies into barren deserts. • As the pastures become overgrazed, they are plowed under and turned into animal feed croplands. With little or no plant growth to hold it in place, topsoil is carried by rain and melting snow into streams and lakes, and its productive capacity is lost forever • Animal agriculture dumps more pollution into our lakes, streams, and estuaries

8. http://awellfedworld.org/issues/environmentalresources • http://www.sitesatlas.com/Thematic-Maps/Arable-land-and-permanent-crops.html

9. Land Harvesters • Slash and burn agriculture - is the process of cutting down the vegetation in a particular plot of land, setting fire to the remaining foliage, and using the ashes to provide nutrients to the soil for use of planting food crops. • Hunter-gatherers – live off the land. They hunt game and collect plant foods rather than grow or tend crops. Hunter gatherers is the term used by anthropologists to describe a specific kind of lifestyle • Agribusiness is a term applied to businesses involved in some of all of agriculture production systems; crop production, farming, seed supply, farm machinery,

10. Labour Intensive/Captial Intensive Labour intensive means use of manpower in production with little of technology Capital intensive means use of technology in production of a unit of output .

11. Food From the Ocean The oceans and seas if the world are a source of food resources just as important as those on land. 900 million people around the world rely on fish as their major source of food. Ocean’s fishery isn’t distributed equally around the world. The distribution is controlled by the presence of continental shelves. Similar to how agriculture is controlled by the presence of fertile soils. Diagram (pg 252 Fig 10.14) Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish and even plants.

12. Explain the difference between Inshore and Offshore Fishery. Write a paragraph about each type of fishery. Include details about Labour/Capitial Intensive Boat Size Crew Equipment/Capacity Inshore Vs Offshore! Pg 253

14. Inshore Vs Offshore! Pg 253 Inshore fishery is more labor intensive. Boats are usually less than 25m. Fishing is mainly in shallow waters. Because boats are small, they have limited capacity and no refrigeration so they return to ports each day. Crews are small (1-8 people) and are vulnerable to difficulties and hazards such as bad weather. Offshore Fishery is more capital intensive and less labour intensive. Boats are large stern trawlers carrying modern equipment and owned by large companies. They can fish any distance from the shoreline. Their large capacities and refrigeration allow them to stay at sea for long periods of time, any time of year to ensure high production.

15. Factory Freezing Trawlers Most innovative technology that increased fishing production was the factory freezing trawler. The boat allowed fisherman to process and freeze their catch on board; thereby increasing their production. Trawling is a method of fishing that involves actively dragging or pulling a trawl through the water behind one or more trawlers By mid 1990’s the world’s fishing fleet was 30% larger than necessary for maximum harvesting. Many people blame the trawler for the servere overfishing and collapse/decline of the fishery.

17. Case Study • The Collapse of the Newfoundland Cod Fishery